Intestinal absorption, organ distribution, and urinary excretion of the rare sugar D-psicose

Abstract

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate intestinal absorption, organ distribution, and urinary elimination of the rare sugar D-psicose, a 3-carbon stereoisomer of D-fructose that is currently being investigated and which has been found to be strongly effective against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.MethodsThis study was performed using radioactive D-psicose, which was synthesized enzymatically from radioactive D-allose. Concentrations in whole blood, urine, and organs were measured at different time points until 2 hours after both oral and intravenous administrations and 7 days after a single oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) to Wistar rats. Autoradiography was also performed by injecting 100 mg/kg body weight of 14C-labeled D-psicose or glucose intravenously to C3H mice.ResultsFollowing oral administration, D-psicose easily moved to blood. The maximum blood concentration (48.5±15.6 μg/g) was observed at 1 hour. Excretion to urine was 20% within 1 hour and 33% within 2 hours. Accumulation to organs was detected only in the liver. Following intravenous administration, blood concentration was decreased with the half-life=57 minutes, and the excretion to urine was up to almost 50% within 1 hour. Similarly to the results obtained with oral administration, accumulation to organs was detected only in the liver. Seven days after the single-dose oral administration, the remaining amounts in the whole body were less than 1%. Autoradiography of mice showed results similar to those in rats. High signals of 14C-labeled D-psicose were observed in liver, kidney, and bladder. Interestingly, no accumulation of D-psicose was observed in the brain.ConclusionD-psicose was absorbed well after oral administration and eliminated rapidly after both oral and intravenous administrations, with short duration of action. The study provides valuable pharmacokinetic data for further drug development of D-psicose. Because the findings were mainly based on animal study, it is necessary to implement human trials to study the metabolism pathway, which would give an important guide for human intake and food application of D-psicose.

The complex relationship between metabolic syndrome and sweeteners

“…About 80% of D-tagatose is absorbed in the small intestine and the remaining part is fermented in the large intestine by the gut microbiota (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) et al 2016). Furthermore, 25% to 33% of D-allulose (or D-psicose) is absorbed in the small intestine and 67%-70% is metabolized by the gut microbiota (Food and Drug Administration, 2018a; Matsuo & Izumori, 2004;Tsukamoto et al, 2014).…”

Efficient Utilization of Fruit Peels for the Bioproduction of D-Allulose and D-Mannitol

“…D-Allulose is one of the most promising low-calorie rare sugars, and it is the epimer of D-fructose at the C-3 position. There are several distinct physiological properties of D-allulose, including modest improvements in postprandial glucose and insulin regulation, [ 3 ], anti-obesity and prevention of type 2 diabetes [ 4 , 5 ], anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hyperglycemic effects [ 6 ], anti-inflammatory [ 7 ], and anti-atherosclerosis effects [ 8 ]. It also prevents diabetic nephropathy [ 9 ], enhances endurance ability, reduces fatigue [ 10 , 11 ], and inhibits hyperphagia with excessive appetite [ 12 ].…”

The long-term safety of D-allulose administration in healthy dogs

“…In the present study, the postadministration experiment was conducted one day after termination of D-allulose administration to evaluate the long-term cumulative effect of D-allulose on glucose metabolism. Ingested D-allulose has been shown to be well absorbed and rapidly excreted in urine, with a halflife of 57 min [ 21 ]. The liver has been found to be the only organ that accumulates D-allulose [ 21 ].…”

“…Ingested D-allulose has been shown to be well absorbed and rapidly excreted in urine, with a halflife of 57 min [ 21 ]. The liver has been found to be the only organ that accumulates D-allulose [ 21 ]. The rapid elimination of D-allulose may contribute to the absence of effects on glucose metabolism in the present study.…”