Intestinal Absorption of Octanoic, Decanoic, and Linoleic Acids: Effect of Triglyceride Structure

Jensen, Merete Myrup; Christensen, Michael; Høy, Carl‐Erik

doi:10.1159/000177799

Cited by 85 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The influence of the positional distribution of fatty acids within the dietary triglyceride moieties on postprandial lipaemia has been investigated with some showing an effect (Jensen et al, 1994) but others not (Zampelas et al, 1994b).…”

Section: Dietary Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for studying postprandial lipid metabolism

2007

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Background: Postprandial lipid metabolism in humans has deserved much attention during the last two decades. Although fasting lipid and lipoprotein parameters reflect body homeostasis to some extent, the transient lipid and lipoprotein accumulation that occurs in the circulation after a fat-containing meal highlights the individual capacity to handle an acute fat input. An exacerbated postprandial accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the circulation has been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Methods: The important number of studies published in this field raises the question of the methodology used for such postprandial studies, as reviewed. Results: Based on our experiences, the present review reports and discuss the numerous methodological issues involved to serve as a basis for further works. These aspects include aims of the postprandial tests, size and nutrient composition of the test meals and background diets, pre-test conditions, characteristics of subjects involved, timing of sampling, suitable markers of postprandial lipid metabolism and calculations. Conclusion: In conclusion, we stress the need for standardization of postprandial tests.

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Section: Dietary Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for studying postprandial lipid metabolism

2007

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“…In accordance with this, triacylglycerols (TG) with short-or medium-chain FA at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and functional FA at the sn-2 position are rapidly hydrolyzed with pancreatic lipase and absorbed efficiently into mucosal cells. They were reported to be useful for the treatment of lipid malabsorption (8)(9)(10)(11). Reverse LML-type lipids with long-chain FA at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and medium-chain FA at the sn-2 position were also claimed to have a superior digestibility and absorptivity (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot batch production of specific‐structured lipids by lipase‐catalyzed interesterification: Preliminary study on incorporation and acyl migration

Balchen

Høy

et al. 1998

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

118

103

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Effects of water content, reaction time, and their relationships in the production of two types of specific-structured lipids (sn-MLM-and sn-LML-types: L-long chain fatty acids; Mmedium chain fatty acids) by lipase-catalyzed interesterification in a solvent-free system were studied. The biocatalyst used was Lipozyme IM (commercial immobilized lipase). The substrates used for sn-MLM-type were fish oil and capric acid, and medium chain triacylglycerols and sunflower free fatty acids for sn-LML-type. The observed incorporation with the time course agrees well with the Michaelis-Menten equation, while the acyl migration is proportional to time within the range of 20 mol% acyl migration (MLM-type: M f = 0.2225T, R 2 = 0.98; LML-type: M f = 0.5618T, R 2 = 0.99). As water content (wt%, on the enzyme basis) increased from 3.0 to 11.6% for MLM-type and from 3.0 to 7.2% for LML-type in the solvent-free systems, the incorporation rates in the first 5 h increased from 3.34 to 10.30%/h, and from 7.29 to 11.12%/h, respectively. However, the acyl migration rates also increased from 0.22 to 1.12%/h and from 0.56 to 1.37%/h, respectively. Different effects in the production of two totally position-opposed lipids can be observed. Presumably these are caused by the different chain length of the fatty acids. The relationships between reaction time and water content are inverse and give a quantitative prediction of incorporation and acyl migration in selected reaction conditions and vice versa. The acyl migration can not be totally avoided in present systems, but can be reduced to a relatively low level. Acyl migration during the downstream processing has also been observed and other factors influencing the acyl migration are briefly discussed. JAOCS 75, 301-308 (1998).Recently there has been increasing interest in the production of specific-structured lipids (SSL) containing medium-chain fatty acids (FA) by lipase-catalyzed interesterification. One of the advantages of this method over chemical ones is that SSL can be produced with particular FA in specific positions to target specific diseases and metabolic conditions, and for optimal nutrition for particular population groups. The perspectives and promises of SSL have been discussed (1,2). Some detailed reviews on the general applications of lipasecatalyzed interesterification have been published recently (3-6).Specific-structured lipids have been reported to have beneficial effects on immune function, nitrogen balance, and improved lipid clearance from the bloodstream (2,7). Free FA liberated from food during absorption are metabolized more easily if they are medium-or short-chain, i.e., C 10 or below. Monoacylglycerols can be absorbed directly. Therefore, essential or desired FA are most efficiently utilized from the sn-2 position in acylglycerols. In accordance with this, triacylglycerols (TG) with short-or medium-chain FA at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and functional FA at the sn-2 position are rapidly hydrolyzed with pancreatic lipase and absorbed efficiently into mucosal cel...

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“…The structured lipid MLM is more rapidly and efficiently absorbed than a long-chain triacylglycerol (Jandacek et al 1987). A long-chain fatty acid in position 2, such as linoleic acid or EPA, is preferentially absorbed and preferentially retained to be stored in membrane phospholipids rather than to be oxidized (Jensen et al 1994;Christensen et al 1995). Thus, improved fat, as well as linoleic acid, absorption could be anticipated from these two species in malabsorptive states.…”

Section: Structured Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel lipid sources in parenteral and enteral nutrition

Bistrian

1997

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Lipids are an important energy source in the parenteral and enteral nutrition of critically41 patients because of their high energy density (37-6kJlg) and low osmolarity, although in conventional parenteral nutrition only the recently available 300 g lipid emulsions (12.5 MJA) are more energy dense than 700 g dextroseA (9.6 MJA) as starting components in total parenteral admixtures, e.g. 200g lipid at 8-3MJA and 1OOg lipid at 4.2MJA. Lipids also serve as a source of two fatty acids, a-linolenic and linoleic, that are essential in human nutrition at less than 0-5 % and about 1-0 % total energy respectively; however, up to 4 % of energy as linoleic acid will further improve N utilization. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and other important nutrients which have not been established as being essential (i.e. carotene, lycopene, flavonoids) have improved absorption in the presence of fats. Man is unable to desaturate long-chain fatty acids at either C-3 (a-linolenic) or C-6 (linoleic) from the methyl end (a-C) but can at C-9, a situation that results in three common families of fatty acids in human metabolism n-3, n-6, and n-9. a-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) thus serves as the precursor for eicosapentaenoic acid (20:4n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) and linoleic (1 8:2n-6) for dihomo-y-linolenic acid (20:3n-6; DHLA) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; AA) after elongation of the C chains and further desaturation but preservation of their n-3 or n-6 identity. These latter compounds have unique importance in that they serve as precursors for the eicosanoids (EPA, DHLA, AA) which are ubiquitous second messengers or have unique effects (DHA in vision and brain function, AA as a second messenger) in addition to their properties as polyunsaturated fatty acids. These three families of fatty acids have numerous interrelationships which have considerable clinical impact. For example, a-linolenic acid can be converted in man to EPA or DHA but with limited efficiency (Meydani et al. 1993) which makes this a less-rapid and effective means of increasing the EPA content of membranes. Although alinolenic acid inhibits the elongation and desaturation of linoleic acid to DHLA and AA,

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Intestinal Absorption of Octanoic, Decanoic, and Linoleic Acids: Effect of Triglyceride Structure

Cited by 85 publications

References 23 publications

Methodology for studying postprandial lipid metabolism

Methodology for studying postprandial lipid metabolism

Pilot batch production of specific‐structured lipids by lipase‐catalyzed interesterification: Preliminary study on incorporation and acyl migration

Novel lipid sources in parenteral and enteral nutrition

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