Interworking of SMS between GSM based GMPCS system and IS-41 based cellular system using I-SMC

Tracking areas planning based on spectral clustering in small cell networks

“…In static TA planning, the size of the TA is usually determined based on mobile user density, traffic volume, and paging volume. For example, typical GSM and IS-41 systems [14,15]. Once planned, the boundaries of the TA will no longer change, which will cause the mobile user to move back and forth around the TA boundary to generate frequent location update signalling, namely the 'pingponging' effect.…”