Intervertebral Disc Tissues

Adams, Michael A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03970-1_2

Cited by 23 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Comparable trunk muscle atrophy has been seen after 60 days of HDTBR (Miokovic et al, 2012 ). Post-flight multifidus atrophy appears to reduce spinal joint stabilization, increase stiffness (Bailey et al, 2018 ) and directly affect IVDs (Adams, 2015 ). Thus, spinal stability may be a factor in determining spinal elongation, back pain, and potentially risk of IVD herniation (Belavý et al, 2016b ), which may be elevated post-flight (Johnston et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Spinal Changes and Back Pain With Unlomentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Health during Unloading and Reloading Associated with Spaceflight

Green

Scott

2018

Front. Physiol.

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Spinal elongation and back pain are recognized effects of exposure to microgravity, however, spinal health has received relatively little attention. This changed with the report of an increased risk of post-flight intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation and subsequent identification of spinal pathophysiology in some astronauts post-flight. Ground-based analogs, particularly bed rest, suggest that a loss of spinal curvature and IVD swelling may be factors contributing to unloading-induced spinal elongation. In flight, trunk muscle atrophy, in particular multifidus, may precipitate lumbar curvature loss and reduced spinal stability, but in-flight (ultrasound) and pre- and post-flight (MRI) imaging have yet to detect significant IVD changes. Current International Space Station missions involve short periods of moderate-to-high spinal (axial) loading during running and resistance exercise, superimposed upon a background of prolonged unloading (microgravity). Axial loading acting on a dysfunctional spine, weakened by anatomical changes and local muscle atrophy, might increase the risk of damage/injury. Alternatively, regular loading may be beneficial. Spinal pathology has been identified in-flight, but there are few contemporary reports of in-flight back injury and no recent studies of post-flight back injury incidence. Accurate routine in-flight stature measurements, in- and post-flight imaging, and tracking of pain and injury (herniation) for at least 2 years post-flight is thus warranted. These should be complemented by ground-based studies, in particular hyper buoyancy floatation (HBF) a novel analog of spinal unloading, in order to elucidate the mechanisms and risk of spinal injury, and to evaluate countermeasures for exploration where injury could be mission critical.

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Section: Mechanisms Underlying Spinal Changes and Back Pain With Unlomentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Health during Unloading and Reloading Associated with Spaceflight

Green

Scott

2018

Front. Physiol.

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“…Their main function is to function as an interface between the dense, harder cortical bone shell of the vertebrae and the annulus and nucleus via mechanical interlocking, and to keep the nucleus pressurized and from bulging into the soft, spongy/cancellous trabecular bone center of the vertebrae, Figure 5. The vertebral endplates are the strongest part of the intervertebral disc, and usually fail after the vertebral body has already fractured [38].…”

Section: Intervertebral Discsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depicted in the lower image ( b ) is a diagram showing the detailed structure of the annulus fibrosus, with its 15–25 lamellae comprised of 20–60 collagen fiber bundles. Also shown, is the angle α, which correlates to the directionality of the fibers’ bundles in relation to the vertebrae [38].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Materials for the Spine: Anatomy, Problems, and Solutions

2019

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Disc degeneration affects 12% to 35% of a given population, based on genetics, age, gender, and other environmental factors, and usually occurs in the lumbar spine due to heavier loads and more strenuous motions. Degeneration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within reduces mechanical integrity, shock absorption, and swelling capabilities of the intervertebral disc. When severe enough, the disc can bulge and eventually herniate, leading to pressure build up on the spinal cord. This can cause immense lower back pain in individuals, leading to total medical costs exceeding $100 billion. Current treatment options include both invasive and noninvasive methods, with spinal fusion surgery and total disc replacement (TDR) being the most common invasive procedures. Although these treatments cause pain relief for the majority of patients, multiple challenges arise for each. Therefore, newer tissue engineering methods are being researched to solve the ever-growing problem. This review spans the anatomy of the spine, with an emphasis on the functions and biological aspects of the intervertebral discs, as well as the problems, associated solutions, and future research in the field.

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“…The spectra of IVD samples did not show any spectral shape dependence on the LOD. As the process of degeneration is known to be related to the loss of water (and O-H related components) in the discs [22], the analysis of the 3080-3640 cm -1 spectral range was performed in more detail. All spectra were decomposed into four Gaussian components with the central values at approximately 3083 (C-H stretch), 3182, 3293 and 3456 cm -1 .…”

Section: Ft-ir Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical spectroscopic methods for diagnostics of intervertebral disc degeneration

Varanius¹,

Čiplys²,

Gėgžna³

et al. 2018

physics

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The level of degeneration (LOD) in the human intervertebral disc (IVD) could determine the choice of patient treatment strategy, thus there is a need for methods applicable at a point of care that enable quick medical decisions. In this paper, infrared light absorption, FT-Raman scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to analyse the same specimens from different groups of IVD samples. Samples from the lumbar part of spine of 37 patients (mean age 48.2 years old) were included in the study. The gender distribution was 27 women and 10 men. The distribution by LOD in the Pfirrmann scale was as follows: grade 3 (40.5%), grade 4 (48.6%) and grade 5 (10.8%) were evaluated in our samples. Spectroscopic signals were measured and analysed. Features such as medical condition (LOD), patient’s age and gender were taken into account. All three methods of spectroscopy revealed age-dependent spectroscopic features related to LOD. For the first time a promissing possibility was found to recognize the LOD by fluorescence spectra in human IVD material taking gender and age into account. The findings create a background for the design of equipment and the design of experiment of more advanced clinical trials. FT-IR absorption and FT-Raman scattering spectra demonstrated the age dependences of a few components. The Raman peak at 2707 cm–1 seems promising for recognition of lumbar IVD LOD, but a higher number of specimens is necessary.

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Intervertebral Disc Tissues

Cited by 23 publications

References 112 publications

Spinal Health during Unloading and Reloading Associated with Spaceflight

Spinal Health during Unloading and Reloading Associated with Spaceflight

Materials for the Spine: Anatomy, Problems, and Solutions

Optical spectroscopic methods for diagnostics of intervertebral disc degeneration

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