This investigation examined process-level pathways to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; e.g., selfcutting, -burning, -hitting) in 2 cohorts of suburban, upper-middle-class youths: a cross-sectional sample of 9th-12th graders (n = 1,036, 51.9% girls) on the West Coast and a longitudinal sample followed annually from the 6th through 12th grades (n = 245, 53.1% girls) on the East Coast. High rates of NSSI were found in both the cross-sectional (37.2%) and the longitudinal (26.1%) samples. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models estimated process-level pathways from perceived parental criticism to NSSI via youth-reported alienation toward parents. Pathways toward the initiation of NSSI were distinct from those accounting for its frequency. Parental criticism was associated with increased NSSI, and youth alienation toward parents emerged as a relevant process underlying this pathway, particularly for boys. The specificity of these pathways was explored by examining separate trajectories toward delinquent outcomes. The findings illustrate the prominence of NSSI among "privileged" youths, the salience of the caregiving environment in NSSI, the importance of parental alienation in explaining these relations, and the value of incorporating multiple systems in treatment approaches for adolescents who self-injure.
Keywordsnonsuicidal self-injury; privileged youths; developmental psychopathology; delinquency; zeroinflated Poisson regression models In recent years, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; e.g., self-cutting, -burning, -hitting) has transcended the bounds of clinical wards and medical journals to reveal itself as a prominent and burgeoning health concern among community youths (Gratz, Conrad, & Roemer, 2002;Laye-Gindhu & Schonert-Reichl, 2005;Muehlenkamp & Guttierez, 2004; Ross & Heath, Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tuppett M. Yates, University of California, Department of Psychology, 2320 Olmsted Hall, Riverside, CA 92521. Tuppett.Yates@ucr.edu. Whitlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006). However, the extant literature on NSSI, particularly in community settings, has focused on descriptive studies to the relative neglect of theoretically informed, process-oriented investigations that recognize NSSI as both a developmental and clinical phenomenon. Addressing this gap in the literature, the present study examined putative developmental processes underlying self-injurious pathways in two cohorts of suburban, upper-middle-class youths: a cross-sectional sample of 9th-12th graders on the West Coast and a longitudinal sample that was followed annually from the 6th through 12th grades on the East Coast.
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The Phenomenology of NSSIBuilding on previous definitions of NSSI (see Simeon & Favazza, 2001, for review), this study examined self-inflicted, direct, socially unacceptable destruction or alteration of body tissue that occurred in the absence of conscious suicidal intent or pervasive developmental disorder. Recent...