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Background Prevention of obesity in children is an international public health priority given the prevalence of the condition (and its significant impact on health, development and well‐being). Interventions that aim to prevent obesity involve behavioural change strategies that promote healthy eating or 'activity' levels (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and/or sleep) or both, and work by reducing energy intake and/or increasing energy expenditure, respectively. There is uncertainty over which approaches are more effective and numerous new studies have been published over the last five years, since the previous version of this Cochrane review. Objectives To assess the effects of interventions that aim to prevent obesity in children by modifying dietary intake or ‘activity’ levels, or a combination of both, on changes in BMI, zBMI score and serious adverse events. Search methods We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was February 2023. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials in children (mean age 5 years and above but less than 12 years), comparing diet or 'activity' interventions (or both) to prevent obesity with no intervention, usual care, or with another eligible intervention, in any setting. Studies had to measure outcomes at a minimum of 12 weeks post baseline. We excluded interventions designed primarily to improve sporting performance. Data collection and analysis We used standard Cochrane methods. Our outcomes were body mass index (BMI), zBMI score and serious adverse events, assessed at short‐ (12 weeks to < 9 months from baseline), medium‐ (9 months to < 15 months) and long‐term (≥ 15 months) follow‐up. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. Main results This review includes 172 studies (189,707 participants); 149 studies (160,267 participants) were included in meta‐analyses. One hundred forty‐six studies were based in high‐income countries. The main setting for intervention delivery was schools (111 studies), followed by the community (15 studies), the home (eight studies) and a clinical setting (seven studies); one intervention was conducted by telehealth and 31 studies were conducted in more than one setting. Eighty‐six interventions were implemented for less than nine months; the shortest was conducted over one visit and the longest over four years. Non‐industry funding was declared by 132 studies; 24 studies were funded in part or wholly by industry. Dietary interventions versus control Dietary interventions, compared with control, may have little to no effect on BMI at short‐term follow‐up (mean difference (MD) 0, 95% confidence interval (CI) ‐0.10 to 0.10; 5 studies, 2107 participants; low‐certainty evidence) and at medium‐term follow‐up (MD ‐0.01, 95% CI ‐0.15 to 0.12; 9 studies, 6815 participants; low‐cer...
Background Prevention of obesity in children is an international public health priority given the prevalence of the condition (and its significant impact on health, development and well‐being). Interventions that aim to prevent obesity involve behavioural change strategies that promote healthy eating or 'activity' levels (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and/or sleep) or both, and work by reducing energy intake and/or increasing energy expenditure, respectively. There is uncertainty over which approaches are more effective and numerous new studies have been published over the last five years, since the previous version of this Cochrane review. Objectives To assess the effects of interventions that aim to prevent obesity in children by modifying dietary intake or ‘activity’ levels, or a combination of both, on changes in BMI, zBMI score and serious adverse events. Search methods We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was February 2023. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials in children (mean age 5 years and above but less than 12 years), comparing diet or 'activity' interventions (or both) to prevent obesity with no intervention, usual care, or with another eligible intervention, in any setting. Studies had to measure outcomes at a minimum of 12 weeks post baseline. We excluded interventions designed primarily to improve sporting performance. Data collection and analysis We used standard Cochrane methods. Our outcomes were body mass index (BMI), zBMI score and serious adverse events, assessed at short‐ (12 weeks to < 9 months from baseline), medium‐ (9 months to < 15 months) and long‐term (≥ 15 months) follow‐up. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. Main results This review includes 172 studies (189,707 participants); 149 studies (160,267 participants) were included in meta‐analyses. One hundred forty‐six studies were based in high‐income countries. The main setting for intervention delivery was schools (111 studies), followed by the community (15 studies), the home (eight studies) and a clinical setting (seven studies); one intervention was conducted by telehealth and 31 studies were conducted in more than one setting. Eighty‐six interventions were implemented for less than nine months; the shortest was conducted over one visit and the longest over four years. Non‐industry funding was declared by 132 studies; 24 studies were funded in part or wholly by industry. Dietary interventions versus control Dietary interventions, compared with control, may have little to no effect on BMI at short‐term follow‐up (mean difference (MD) 0, 95% confidence interval (CI) ‐0.10 to 0.10; 5 studies, 2107 participants; low‐certainty evidence) and at medium‐term follow‐up (MD ‐0.01, 95% CI ‐0.15 to 0.12; 9 studies, 6815 participants; low‐cer...
BackgroundPublic health attempts to prevent obesity in children and young people should aim to minimize health inequalities. We aimed to assess whether there were differences in the effectiveness of the interventions included in two Cochrane reviews according to the eight PROGRESS inequity factors.MethodsWe collected data on change in BMI (standardized or unstandardized), subgrouped by baseline measures of PROGRESS factors, for intervention and control groups, from trial authors. We calculated the intervention effect per subgroup (mean difference), then contrasted these to estimate interactions between intervention and the baseline factors. We combined interaction estimates for each factor across trials using standard procedures for meta-analysis.FindingsOur analysis of interventions from 81 trials found no substantial differences in effectiveness for different subgroups in most scenarios. However, in the younger age group (5-11 years), the effect of interventions on standardized BMI appeared to be higher in boys.InterpretationThe Cochrane reviews found that interventions promoting physical activity (only) have a beneficial effect on BMI (compared with a control group) for children and young people aged 5-18 years, as well as interventions promoting physical activity alongside healthy eating for 5-11 year olds. Although these beneficial effects were small, when delivered at scale, they may have the potential to contribute meaningfully to reducing the prevalence of childhood obesity. Our findings suggest that those responsible for public health can promote these beneficial interventions without major concerns about increasing inequalities. Because many of the interventions studied, including school-based interventions, provide building blocks of ‘whole systems approaches’, the findings are relevant to policy and practice.FundingNational Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR).Research in contextEvidence before this studyA core principle of any public health guidance is to minimize health inequalities. Two previous studies of the effects of interventions aiming to prevent obesity in children and young people, by promoting physical activity or a healthy diet, found that such interventions do not increase health inequalities. However, these studies used secondary data published in trial reports, limiting the data available for analysis. Two recent Cochrane systematic reviews and meta-analyses of over 200 randomized trials of interventions to prevent obesity in children and young people, found,on average, small beneficial effects of physical activity interventions in 5-18 year olds on (standardized and unstandardized) BMI and of combined physical activity and dietary interventions in 5-11 year olds. A previous modelling study found that small beneficial benefits such as these, when delivered at scale, have the potential to contribute meaningfully to reducing the prevalence of childhood obesity. However, average effects may mask differential effects on health equity. Our objective was to collect primary trial results (not previously reported) to examine whether effects of interventions vary according to factors related to inequity as represented by the PROGRESS acronym: place, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socio-economic status, and social capital.Added value of this studyTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale meta-analysis to assess the impact of interventions to prevent obesity in children and young people on health equity using primary data from randomized trials. Data from 81 trials were included, collected directly from the trialists as aggregate data by intervention and by subgroup, and combined in meta-analyses. We found no substantial impact of the interventions on inequalities, although in the younger age group (5-11 years), the effect of interventions (n=45) on standardized BMI was greater in boys.Implications of all the available evidenceThose responsible for public health can be confident in promoting the types of interventions included in this meta-analysis to prevent obesity in children and young people (5-18 years), knowing they are unlikely to increase inequalities. One exception was that interventions for younger children may benefit from being equally engaging and enjoyable for females and males. We regard ‘whole systems approaches’ to comprise separate interventions (components) interconnected via a programme theory and logic model, including the types of interventions included in this meta-analysis. As such, our findings are relevant to those providing guidance on a whole systems approach to reducing the prevalence of obesity in children and young people alongside promoting health equity.
ObjectiveTo identify effective characteristics of behaviour change (physical activity and diet) interventions that prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 18 years.DesignA Bayesian multi-level meta-regression analysis of randomized trial results, with intervention and trial characteristics coded according to an analytic framework co-developed with stakeholders.Data sourceTwo Cochrane systematic reviews of the effects of interventions to prevent obesity in children, 5 to 11 years and 12 to 18 years, both updated in 2024.Main outcome measuresMean difference (MD) in change from baseline in age- and sex-standardized BMI measured as a Z-score (zBMI). Results that had been reported as (unstandardized) BMI or BMI percentile were converted to zBMI using bespoke mapping techniques.ResultsWe included 204 trials (255 intervention arms) reporting data on at least one of the main outcome scales. Interventions were effective on average (MD in zBMI −0.037, 95% credible interval −0.053 to −0.022). The greatest effects were associated with medium term follow-up (9 to <15 months) and older children (12 to 18 years). We found evidence of small but beneficial effects for interventions targeting physical activity alone compared with diet alone (difference in MDs −0.227, −0.362 to −0.090) and small unfavorable effects for interventions that involved a change to the structural environment (the majority of changes were in the school food environment) (difference in MDs 0.05, 0.017 to 0.085). Accounting for interactions between covariates, we found that the most effective combination of intervention characteristics was to intervene in the school setting, with an individualized element to delivery, targeting physical activity, using multiple strategies of short duration and high intensity, and involving modification of behaviour through participation in activities.ConclusionsThe most effective characteristic to include in a behaviour change intervention to prevent obesity in children aged 5-18 years was targeting of physical activity. This should not be interpreted as evidence that attempts to modify diet are not beneficial. Being physically active and consuming a healthy diet during childhood offer many important benefits beyond contributing to healthy weight and growth. Our findings suggest that interventions to prevent obesity in children should consider focusing primarily on the promotion of physical activity and consider other effective characteristics we identify here.Key messagesWhat is already known on this topicRising population levels of childhood overweight and obesity present a global challenge.Many interventions have been developed and evaluated to try and prevent obesity in children and young people.The most effective characteristics of these interventions are not well understood.What this study addsThis re-analysis of the results of 204 randomized trials of diverse interventions seeks to identify effective characteristics of behaviour change (physical activity and diet) interventions.The most effective characteristic to include in a behaviour change intervention may be targeting physical activity.Other useful features of interventions appear to be individualized delivery, using multiple strategies, being intense and of short duration, and involving participation in activities.
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