Interventions and supports for adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: An integrative and interpretive review.

Gifts, talents and challenges: Untapped potential of adults with FASD.

“…More recently, there is an increasing awareness that FASD is a lifelong disability that is not always apparent in the adult's appearance (Ragsdale, 2006). At the same time, the necessity of seeking out a specific diagnosis has become clear.…”

“…However, "normal" societal expectations of self-sufficiency and independence set these individuals up for failure, as their adaptive functioning level can be far less than their chronological age (Conry & Fast, 2000). Adults with FASD often have problems with daily living and independence skills (Clark, 2003;Ragsdale, 2006;Roberts & Nanson, 2000;Schmidt, 2005;. They can also have difficulties with social skills, learning from their mistakes, and understanding cause and effect.…”

“…These things cannot be changed once the child has been exposed to alcohol to the extent that causes this damage. However, what can be changed after the child is born is early identification resulting in appropriate interventions and services that can and will lead to much better outcomes for individuals with FASD (Burd, Cox, Fjelstad, & McCulloch, 2000;Dupuis & Urness, 2004;Lutke & Antrobus, 2004;Malbin, 2002;Ragsdale, 2006;Roberts & Nanson, 2000). Proper identification and recognition can lead to better understanding of this disability and to the application of support that creates the best environment for the child reaching their highest potential.…”

“…They can also have difficulties with social skills, learning from their mistakes, and understanding cause and effect. As a result of these factors, their lives are often marginal and they live in poverty due to factors such as inadequate vocational training, low academic achievement, poor parenting skills, addiction to substances, and the inability to live independently (Clark, 2003;Ragsdale, 2006;Williams & Howard, 1994). All of these challenges make life for my relative's son very difficult and explain much of his life's events and the continual dependence on his family.…”

“…At the same time, the necessity of seeking out a specific diagnosis has become clear. A diagnosis and an assessment, along with the provision of appropriate services in a timely manner affords the best opportunity to ameliorate the difficulties associated with FASD (Chudley, et al, 2005;Clark, 2003;Ragsdale, 2006;Streissguth, 1997).…”