Intertidal sediments as reservoirs for hippurate negative campylobacters, salmonellae and faecal indicators in three EU recognised bathing waters in North West England

Obiri‐Danso, Kwasi; Jones, Keith

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00146-3

Cited by 98 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Numerous studies have shown that both freshwater and marine sediments are significant sources or reservoirs of enterococci (116,119,258,296), with (sediment) bacterial densities being typically several orders of magnitude higher than those in the overlying water on a per-mass basis (10,72,102,129,252). High bacterial densities in sediments have been attributed to better resistance to environmental stressors, in particular predation, solar inactivation, starvation, possible regrowth, vegetation, and related factors (10,141,167,179) (see also "Responses to Environmental Stressors").…”

Section: Environmental Reservoirs and Extraenteric Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci in the Environment

Byappanahalli

Nevers

Korajkic

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

538

383

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SUMMARYEnterococci are common, commensal members of gut communities in mammals and birds, yet they are also opportunistic pathogens that cause millions of human and animal infections annually. Because they are shed in human and animal feces, are readily culturable, and predict human health risks from exposure to polluted recreational waters, they are used as surrogates for waterborne pathogens and as fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in research and in water quality testing throughout the world. Evidence from several decades of research demonstrates, however, that enterococci may be present in high densities in the absence of obvious fecal sources and that environmental reservoirs of these FIB are important sources and sinks, with the potential to impact water quality. This review focuses on the distribution and microbial ecology of enterococci in environmental (secondary) habitats, including the effect of environmental stressors; an outline of their known and apparent sources, sinks, and fluxes; and an overview of the use of enterococci as FIB. Finally, the significance of emerging methodologies, such as microbial source tracking (MST) and empirical predictive models, as tools in water quality monitoring is addressed. The mounting evidence for widespread extraenteric sources and reservoirs of enterococci demonstrates the versatility of the genusEnterococcusand argues for the necessity of a better understanding of their ecology in natural environments, as well as their roles as opportunistic pathogens and indicators of human pathogens.

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Section: Environmental Reservoirs and Extraenteric Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci in the Environment

Byappanahalli

Nevers

Korajkic

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

538

383

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“…Several authors have reported that both indicator bacteria and potential pathogens occur in beach sands of both freshwater and marine environments (Sanchez et al, 1986;Ghinsberg et al, 1994Ghinsberg et al, , 1995Obiri-Danso and Jones, 2000;Desmarais et al, 2002;Sato et al, 2005;Vantarakis et al, 2005;Beversdorf et al, 2007;Bonilla et al, 2007;Vogel et al, 2007;Hartz et al, 2008;Abdelzaher et al, 2010). In fact, bacterial cell numbers can be substantially higher in the sand than in nearby waters; for example in the Great Lakes region of the US, E. coli in sand can be found at levels of 10 to 100 times higher than adjacent waters, generally ranging from 10 3 to 10 4 CFU/g at an enclosed beach to 10 1.5 to 10 2.5 CFU/g at open beaches (Burton et al, 1987;Doyle et al, 1992;Irvine and Pettibone, 1993;Oshiro and Fujioka, 1995;Whitman and Nevers, 2003;Yamahara et al, 2007).…”

Section: Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

Sabino

Rodrigues

Costa

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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Beaches worldwide provide recreational opportunities to hundreds of millions of people and serve as important components of coastal economies. Beach water is often monitored for microbiological quality to detect the presence of indicators of human sewage contamination so as to prevent public health outbreaks associated with water contact. However, growing evidence suggests that beach sand can harbor microbes harmful to human health, often in concentrations greater than the beach water. Currently, there are no standards for monitoring, sampling, analyzing, or managing beach sand quality. In addition to indicator microbes, growing evidence has identified pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi in a variety of beach sands worldwide. The public health threat associated with these populations through direct and indirect contact is unknown because so little research has been conducted relating to health outcomes associated with sand quality. In this manuscript, we present the consensus findings of a workshop of experts convened in Lisbon, Portugal to discuss the current state of knowledge on beach sand microbiological quality and to develop suggestions for standardizing the evaluation of sand at coastal beaches. The expert group at the "Microareias 2012" workshop recommends that 1) beach sand should be screened for a variety of pathogens harmful to human health, and sand monitoring should then be initiated alongside regular water monitoring; 2) sampling and analysis protocols should be standardized to allow proper comparisons among beach locations; and 3) further studies are needed to estimate human health risk with exposure to contaminated beach sand. Much of the manuscript is focused on research specific to Portugal, but similar results have been found elsewhere, and the findings have worldwide implications.

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“…Bathers and those engaged in water sports will invariably also be in contact with the sand, yet there are many beach-goers who never enter the water (LaLiberte and Grimes, 1982;Obiri and Jones, 2000;Alm et al 2003;Whitman, 2006). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 To date, no correlation has been shown between health and pathogenic fungi in beach sands (Prado et al, 1994;Brandão et al, 2002) but it may be expected that the public exposed to sand contaminated with fungal pathogens are at an increased exposure risk through direct contact with their skin and mucous membranes or by inhaling spores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic fungi: An unacknowledged risk at coastal resorts? New insights on microbiological sand quality in Portugal

Sabino

Veríssimo

Cunha

et al. 2011

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Whilst the potential impact on beach users from microorganisms in water has received considerable attention, there has been relatively little investigation into microbial contaminants in sand. 33 beaches across Portugal were analyzed during a five year period (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010) to determine the presence of yeasts, pathogenic fungi, dermatophytes, total coliforms, E. coli and intestinal enterococci in sand.Our results showed that 60.4% of the samples were positive for fungi and that 25.2% were positive for the bacterial parameters. The most frequent fungal species found were Candida sp.and Aspergillus sp., whereas intestinal enterococci were the most frequently isolated bacteria.Positive associations were detected among analyzed parameters and country-regions but none among those parameters and sampling period.Regarding threshold values, we propose 15 cfu/g for yeasts, 17 cfu/g for potential pathogenic fungi, 8 cfu/g for dermatophytes. 84 cfu/g for coliforms, 250 cfu/g for E. coli, and 100 cfu/g for intestinal enterococciHighlights:x 60.4% of the analyzed marine beach sand samples were positive for the studied fungi x Candida sp. and Aspergillus sp. were the most frequent fungal species found x 25.2% of the analyzed marine beach sand samples were positive to the studied bacteria

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Intertidal sediments as reservoirs for hippurate negative campylobacters, salmonellae and faecal indicators in three EU recognised bathing waters in North West England

Cited by 98 publications

References 25 publications

Enterococci in the Environment

Enterococci in the Environment

Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health

Pathogenic fungi: An unacknowledged risk at coastal resorts? New insights on microbiological sand quality in Portugal

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