Intersubtype Reassortments of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Quail

Nguyen, Thi Huong; Than, Van Thai; Thanh, Hien Dang; Vu-Khac, Hung; Nguyen, Duc T.; Kim, Wonyong

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149608

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Another study reported the confirmation of H5N1 from quails on farms (0.2%) and in LBMs (0.8%) ( Arafa et al, 2016b ). Quails have been reported to be an important mixing vessel for AIVs due to the expression of receptors for mammalian and avian AIVs on their epithelial cell surfaces ( Nguyen et al, 2016 ; Thontiravong et al, 2012 ). The infection of quails with HPAI H5N1 has also been reported in different countries worldwide due to the intermingling of quails with other birds in LBMs ( Nguyen et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quails have been reported to be an important mixing vessel for AIVs due to the expression of receptors for mammalian and avian AIVs on their epithelial cell surfaces ( Nguyen et al, 2016 ; Thontiravong et al, 2012 ). The infection of quails with HPAI H5N1 has also been reported in different countries worldwide due to the intermingling of quails with other birds in LBMs ( Nguyen et al, 2016 ). None of the quails were positive for H9N2, and this finding was also reported in a recent study ( Zahida et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in birds from farms and live bird markets and in respiratory patients

Tolba

Elez

Elsohaby

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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BackgroundAvian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been endemic in Egypt since 2006, and the co-circulation of high-pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 subtypes in poultry has been reported; therefore, Egypt is considered a hotspot for the generation of new subtypes and genotypes. We aimed to characterize AIVs circulating on commercial farms and in live bird markets (LBMs) during the winters of 2015 and 2016 in the study area and to identify H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in respiratory patients.MethodsIn total, 159 samples were collected from ducks, pigeons and quails on farms (n = 59) and in LBMs (n = 100) and screened by real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes. Clinical and postmortem examination was carried out on birds from the farms. Positive H5N1 samples were sequenced and analysed for mutations. Tracheal swabs were also collected from 89 respiratory patients admitted to respiratory hospitals in the same study area.ResultsOverall, H5N1 was identified in 13.6% of birds from farms, while it was detected in 17% of birds in LBMs. Subtype H9N2 was only identified from pigeons on farms (6.5%) and LBMs (11.4%). Sequencing of the haemagglutination gene (HA) in nine representative H5N1 isolates revealed a multi-basic amino acid motif at the cleavage site (321-PQGEKRRKKR/GLF-333), which is characteristic of highly pathogenic AIV, in five of our isolates, while the other four isolates showed an amino acid substitution (Q322K) at this cleavage site to make it (321-P K GEKRRKKR/GLF-333). All the isolates belonged to clade 2.2.1.2, and a comparison of HA sequences at the amino acid level showed 98.8–100% homology among the nine isolates, while they showed 94.1–96.1% identity with reference strains and the commonly used vaccine strain in Egypt. Out of 89 respiratory patients, 3.4% were positive for H5N1 and no patients were positive for H9N2.DiscussionOur results indicated the circulation of the endemic H5N1 and H9N2 viruses among poultry in 2015 and 2016. Birds on farms and in LBMs are reservoirs playing a role in the dissemination of the virus and producing a public health risk. The application of proper hygienic measures in farms and LBMs to control the exposure of birds and humans to the source of infection along with continuous monitoring of the circulating viruses will provide information on understanding the evolution of the viruses for vaccine studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in birds from farms and live bird markets and in respiratory patients

Tolba

Elez

Elsohaby

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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“…Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that, among the gallinaceous poultry, Japanese quail play a crucial role in the genesis of AI viruses because (i) AI viruses have been isolated from Japanese quail in commercial flocks and LPMs in North America, Europe, and Asia (27,(53)(54)(55)(56)(57); (ii) Japanese quail are experimentally susceptible to and support replication of HPAI viruses (22); (iii) most AI subtypes are able to replicate in Japanese quail, primarily in the respiratory tract (22); (iv) Japanese quail facilitate the adaptation of AI viruses of wild origin to major poultry species and mammals (28,40,41,(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62); (v) Japanese quail carry sialic acid receptors functional for binding of both avian (␣-2,3) and human (␣-2,6) influenza viruses (63); and (vi) Japanese quail are able to support efficient replication and transmission of reassortant viruses (34,37,38,64,65). Collectively, these findings support the tenet that Japanese quail are optimal hosts for the adaptation of wild bird AI viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathobiology of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Minor Gallinaceous Poultry Supports Early Backyard Flock Introductions in the Western United States in 2014-2015

Bertran

Lee

Pantin‐Jackwood

et al. 2017

J Virol

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In 2014 and 2015, the United States experienced an unprecedented outbreak of Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Initial cases affected mainly wild birds and mixed backyard poultry species, while later outbreaks affected mostly commercial chickens and turkeys. The pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of initial Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses in the United States were investigated in minor gallinaceous poultry species (i.e., species for which the U.S. commercial industries are small), namely, Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-necked pheasants. Low mean bird infectious doses (<2 to 3.7 log10) support direct introduction and infection of these species as observed in mixed backyard poultry during the early outbreaks. Pathobiological features and systemic virus replication in all species tested were consistent with HPAI virus infection. Sustained virus shedding with transmission to contact-exposed birds, alongside long incubation periods, may enable unrecognized dissemination and adaptation to other gallinaceous species, such as chickens and turkeys. Genome sequencing of excreted viruses revealed numerous low-frequency polymorphisms and 20 consensus-level substitutions in all genes and species, but especially in Japanese quail and pearl guinea fowl and in internal proteins PB1 and PB2. This genomic flexibility after only one passage indicates that influenza viruses can continue to evolve in galliform species, increasing their opportunity to adapt to other species. Our findings suggest that these gallinaceous poultry are permissive for infection and sustainable transmissibility with the 2014 initial wild bird-adapted clade 2.3.4.4 virus, with potential acquisition of mutations leading to host range adaptation. IMPORTANCE The outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus that occurred in the United States in 2014 and 2015 represents the worst livestock disease event in the country, with unprecedented socioeconomic and commercial consequences. Epidemiological and molecular investigations can identify transmission pathways of the HPAI virus. However, understanding the pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of new HPAI viruses in different avian species is paramount. The significance of our research is in examining the susceptibility of minor gallinaceous species to HPAI virus, as this poultry sector also suffers from HPAI epizootics, and identifying the biological potential of these species as an epidemiological link between the waterfowl reservoir and the commercial chicken and turkey populations, with the ultimate goal of refining surveillance in these populations to enhance early detection, management, and control in future HPAI virus outbreaks.

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“…Quail are more susceptible than chickens to infection by some strains of H5N1 including one that caused human mortality (A/Hong Kong/156/97) [36]. Previous research has shown that quail may play a key role as an intermediate host in the evolution of avian influenza, allowing viral strains to spread from wild birds to chickens and mammals [32,33,36,87]. Unlike quail and chicken, aquatic reservoir species such as duck are tolerant of most HPAI strains [88].…”

Section: Quail Response To H5n1 Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

The quail genome: insights into social behaviour, seasonal biology and infectious disease response

et al. 2020

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Background: The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a popular domestic poultry species and an increasingly significant model species in avian developmental, behavioural and disease research. Results: We have produced a high-quality quail genome sequence, spanning 0.93 Gb assigned to 33 chromosomes. In terms of contiguity, assembly statistics, gene content and chromosomal organisation, the quail genome shows high similarity to the chicken genome. We demonstrate the utility of this genome through three diverse applications. First, we identify selection signatures and candidate genes associated with social behaviour in the quail genome, an important agricultural and domestication trait. Second, we investigate the effects and interaction of photoperiod and temperature on the transcriptome of the quail medial basal hypothalamus, revealing key mechanisms of photoperiodism. Finally, we investigate the response of quail to H5N1 influenza infection. In quail lung, many critical immune genes and pathways were downregulated after H5N1 infection, and this may be key to the susceptibility of quail to H5N1. Conclusions: We have produced a high-quality genome of the quail which will facilitate further studies into diverse research questions using the quail as a model avian species.

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Intersubtype Reassortments of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Quail

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in birds from farms and live bird markets and in respiratory patients

Molecular identification of avian influenza virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in birds from farms and live bird markets and in respiratory patients

Pathobiology of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Minor Gallinaceous Poultry Supports Early Backyard Flock Introductions in the Western United States in 2014-2015

The quail genome: insights into social behaviour, seasonal biology and infectious disease response

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