Interspecies Distribution and Possible Origin of Tetrodotoxin

Yasumoto, Takeshi; Nagai, Hiroki; Yasumura, Daisuke; Michishita, Tooru; Endo, Amane; Yotsu, Mari; Kotaki, Yuichi

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb15560.x

Cited by 83 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Despite the generally accepted notion that the toxin was a genuine product of puffer fish, we came to infer its exogenous origin when we detected in our survey on ciguatera low levels of the toxin in the viscera of an angelfish and two parrotfish, all unrelated to puffer fish. 13) In support for the hypothesis, we confirmed that TTX concentrations in puffer fish fluctuated markedly both individually and regionally, analogous with CTX in ciguatera fish. Such fluctuations in tox-icity should have contributed to the ignorance in some people of the potential danger of eating livers.…”

Section: Structure Of Maitotoxin (Mtx)supporting

confidence: 72%

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Chemistry, etiology, and food chain dynamics of marine toxins

Yasumoto

2005

Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biologic

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Section: Structure Of Maitotoxin (Mtx)supporting

confidence: 72%

“…The structural elucidation by NMR was facilitated by the use of 13 C-enriched MTX prepared by adding NaH 13 CO 3 to the culture medium of G. toxicus. cell lines tested and thus was suggested to serve as an excellent tool to probe ubiquitous but hitherto uncharacterized channels.…”

Section: Structure Of Maitotoxin (Mtx)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, etiology, and food chain dynamics of marine toxins

Yasumoto

2005

Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biologic

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“…Filter-feeding bivalves such as butterclam, cherrystone clam, sea scallop, mussel are among the known carriers of STX. TTX is believed to be expressed by several species of bacteria (Yasumoto et al, 1986). Transmitted through the food chain, TTXproducing bacteria can be found in the organs of a variety of marine and terrestrial animals such as fish, crab, octopus, frog, and newt (Mosher and Fuhrman, 1984;Schantz, 1986).…”

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

4-Aminopyridine Reverses Saxitoxin (STX)- and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Induced Cardiorespiratory Depression in Chronically Instrumented Guinea Pigs

Chang¹,

Spriggs²,

Benton³

et al. 1997

Toxicol Sci

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. (1997). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 38,[75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88] The extent to which cardiorespiratory infirmity and other sublethal effects of saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) can be reversed by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was investigated in guinea pigs chronically instrumented for the concurrent electrophysiological recordings of electrocorticogram (ECoG), diaphragmatic electromyogram (DEMG), Lead II electrocardiogram, and neck skeletal muscle electromyogram. Animals were intoxicated with either STX or TTX (2 and 3 /xg/kg, im) to produce a state of progressive cardiorespiratory depression (depicted by decreasing DEMG amplitude, bradypnea, and bradycardia). At the point where cardiorespiratory performance was most seriously compromised («30 min posttoxin), 4-AP (1 or 2 mg/kg, im) was administered. The therapeutic effect of 4-AP was striking in that, within minutes, the toxin-induced diaphragmatic blockade, bradypnea, bradycardia, and depressed cortical activity were all restored to a level either comparable to, or surpassing, that of control. The optimal 4-AP dose level was determined to be 2 mg/kg (im) based on analyses of cardiorespiratory activity profiles throughout the course of intoxication and 4-AP treatment. At the dose levels (either 1 or 2 mg/ kg) used to restore ventilatory function and cardiovascular performance, 4-AP produced no sign of seizures and convulsions. Although less serious secondary effects such as cortical excitant/arousal effect (indicated by ECoG power spectral analysis) and transient periods of skeletal muscle fasciculation were observed, these events were of minor concern particularly in view of the remarkable therapeutic effects of 4-AP. © i»»7 society of Toxicology.Saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are among the deadliest nonprotein neurotoxins known (lethal dose in guinea pigs «*5 ^g/kg, im; unpublished observations).

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“…Coralline algae of the genus Jania were reported to contain tetrodotoxins (Yasumoto et al 1986a). Brown algae often contain meroditerpenoids (Blunt and Munro 2007), of which 2β,3α-epitaondiol (25) and others isolated from Stypopodium flabelliforme were reported to be voltagegated Na + channel modifiers (Al-Sabi et al 2006 …”

Section: Macroalgal Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Biology of Neoplastic Growth

Macieira‐Coelho¹

2005

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology

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Interspecies Distribution and Possible Origin of Tetrodotoxin

Cited by 83 publications

References 16 publications

Chemistry, etiology, and food chain dynamics of marine toxins

Chemistry, etiology, and food chain dynamics of marine toxins

4-Aminopyridine Reverses Saxitoxin (STX)- and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Induced Cardiorespiratory Depression in Chronically Instrumented Guinea Pigs

Developmental Biology of Neoplastic Growth

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