Intersections: photosynthesis, abiotic stress, and the plant microbiome

Abstract

Highlights• Abiotic stress impacts on photosynthesis are comprehensively reviewed • Abiotic stress combinations disrupt via synergistically acting mechanisms • The plant microbiome can counter multiple disrupting mechanisms

Productivity and Nutrient Quality of Lemna minor as Affected by Microbiome, CO2 Level, and Nutrient Supply

“…All these findings are consistent with altered source-sink and carbon to nitrogen relationships in duckweed grown under elevated CO 2 , as has been reported for other plants [68,69]. Conversely, the plant microbiome may have allowed new area growth by restoring balance in these systems via (i) consumption of carbohydrates supplied by the fronds and (ii) possible improvement in nitrogen uptake from the medium and/or increased nitrogen availability to the fronds through microbial N 2 fixation [34]. Moreover, Figure 2B,D show that neither elevated (versus ambient) CO 2 nor inoculation (versus uninoculated fronds) significantly affected area-expansion rate or biomass accumulation, respectively, under ample nutrient supply.…”

“…It has been proposed that plant-microbe interaction may be able to counteract sourcesink and C:N imbalances as well as the resulting photosynthetic downregulation [33][34][35]. The effect of plant-microbe interaction depends on environmental factors [36,37], including CO 2 level [33] and nitrogen availability [38].…”

“…The effect of plant-microbe interaction depends on environmental factors [36,37], including CO 2 level [33] and nitrogen availability [38]. Specifically, the plant microbiome has the potential to (i) increase plant nitrogen content in support of new growth, which increases sink strength [39], (ii) lessen build-up of carbohydrates by serving as an additional carbohydrate sink, thus counteracting electron back-up and excess ROS formation [40,41], (iii) produce growth-stimulating plant hormones, which also increases sink strength [42][43][44], and/or (iv) induce routing of electrons into alternative pathways in various compartments, thus also lowering ROS production [45] (for a recent general overview, see [34]).…”

“…In addition, there was a consistent trend for chlorophyll-to-biomass and carotenoid-to-biomass ratios to be higher under ambient CO 2 in inoculated fronds growing with ample nutrients (Figure4B,D and Figure 5B,D, dark-blue dotted columns) compared to low nutrient supply (Figure 4A,C and Figure 5A,C, light-blue dotted columns).Elevated CO 2 conditions have shown to affect carotenoid levels in ways that vary by plant species and growth conditions[32]. Specifically, it has been suggested that the combination of elevated CO 2 and long photoperiod (high light supply) may lead to particularly pronounced downregulation[34,80] associated with source-sink imbalance. This outcome is also consistent with the effect reported for L. minor grown under a combination of elevated CO 2 with a 24 h photoperiod of 1000 µmol photons m −2 s −1[18].…”

Growth and content of N, P, K, Fe in rice plants with liquid organic fertilizer application of moringa leaf

“…The amount of nitrogen will affect plants' nitrogen levels [12]. Nitrogen can function to activate plant cells and maintain the existing photosynthesis process [13]. Furthermore, according to Anggraeni [14], nitrogen nutrients play a role in stimulating overall plant growth, for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins in plants, stimulating vegetative growth in leaves (color, length, and width) and stems (height and diameter).…”