Interrenal histochemistry of acid-exposed brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (mitchill)

Mudge, James E.; Dively, James L.; Neff, William H.; Anthony, Adam

doi:10.1016/0016-6480(77)90019-3

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These differences in growth, CF, and LSI between treatments are likely attributable to two factors: a decrease in food consumption and energy intake (fish at the low pH did not appear to consume the same amount of food as other groups), and an increase in energy expenditure due to mounting a stress response [through increases in metabolism, and/or additional energy used to maintain osmoregulatory homeostasis (McDonald et al 1980)]. Mudge et al (1977) reported reduced ribonucleic acid synthesis in brook trout exposed to low pH, indicating reduced protein synthesis and growth. Nelson (1982) also suggested that low pH may disrupt normal protein development in acid-exposed alevins of rainbow trout possibly through direct deactivation of synthetic metabolic machinery by H 3 O ?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic low pH exposure affects the seawater readiness of juvenile Pacific sockeye salmon

Kennedy

Picard²

2012

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Chronic exposure to water of low pH during the freshwater life stage of Pacific salmonids is presently the cause for concern due to its potential to reduce subsequent performance in the marine environment. Sockeye fry (0+) were raised under sublethal long-term, low pH conditions (pH 4.8-6.8) in soft water and assessed for effects on freshwater growth, stress physiology, and seawater tolerance following smoltification. Fish gained significantly lower mass (average 46% of control [pH 6.8] values) and had lower condition factor and liver somatic index values than control fish following a 126-days exposure to water at pH 5.0. Liver glycogen concentrations (49% of control values) and whole-body lipid content (65% of control values) were also significantly lower. Low pH exposure also resulted in a sustained organismal stress response that included significant and substantial increases in plasma cortisol concentrations. Fish exposed to pH 5.0 in freshwater for 30 days exhibited an average of 14% mortality in a seawater challenge, as well as a significant osmoregulatory stress measured by increases in plasma Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations as well as osmolality compared to controls. Significantly lower critical swimming speed values (U(crit)) were also seen (22% reductions compared to controls). The data generated indicate that sockeye salmon are sensitive and do not acclimate to low pH under long-term exposure conditions, potentially decreasing the probability of survival in the marine environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic low pH exposure affects the seawater readiness of juvenile Pacific sockeye salmon

Kennedy

Picard²

2012

Fish Physiol Biochem

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“…Stress in fish is accompanied by rapid changes in the plasma concentrations of catecholamine and corticosteroid hormones which elicit not only cardiovascular responses but they may also affect the osmotic and ionic permeability of membranes or interfere with the immunological response to disease organisms. Information on the effect of stress in fish has been reviewed by Mazeaud et al (1977) but the report of Mudge et al (1977) appears to be the only one dealing with the endocrine response of fish to acid stress. Their study of the interrenal histochemistry of acidexposed brook charr indicated that (presumably) there is a marked inhibition of steroidogenesis in interrenal tissue following acute exposure of charr to low pH (4.0).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of some physiological and toxicological responses of freshwater fish to acid stress

Fromm

1980

Environ Biol Fish

226

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SynopsisData relating to the specific effect of low pH on growth of freshwater fishes are ambiguous. Reproductive failure resulting from acid stress appears to be related to an upset in calcium metabolism and to faulty deposition of protein in developing oocytes. It appears that the 'no effect' level of pH depression for successful reproduction is around 6.5. Data on behaviorial responses of freshwater fish to acid stress and CO, are described. Most fish appear to be indifferent to pH within the range of approximately 10.5 to 5.5 and between 7.4 and 4.5 CO, appears to be the main directive factor. In cases of severe acid stress alteration of gill membranes and/or coagulation of gill mucus occurs and death due t o h~p o x i a may result from a lengthening of the water-blood diffusion distance. Several reports agree that acid stress causes an upset of electrolyte homeostasis in fiih but effects of low pH on osmotic permeability are largely lacking. Most hatcheryreared salmonids can tolerate pH 5.0 indefinitely but below this level the homeostatic electrolyte and osmotic regulatory mechanisms become inadequate. When fish are subjected to debilitating acid stress blood pH decreases possibly as the result of flux of H* ions across gill membranes into the blood. This could change transepithelial potential and allow a bloodto-water diffusion of Na+ ions down an electrochemical gradient. Lowered ambient pH may interfere with gill calcium levels increasing permeability to both H+ and Na+ ions or an acidemia may occur as the ~esult of a decrease in the excretion of metabolically produced H+ ions and CO,. When the capacity of the buffer mechanisms is exceeded the blood pH drops and the capacity of hemoglobin to transport oxygen is decreased.

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“…Under acute pure acid exposure (pH 4. (3-4.5), significant increases in both parameters have been documented within the first 24-48 h, but at higher pHs ( > 4.7), the responses took at least 4 days to develop, if they occurred at all (Mudge et al, 1977;McDonald, 19836;Lee et al, 1983;Adams et al, 1985;Brown et al, 1984;Brown et al, 1986a;Brown et al, 19866;Scherer et af., 1986). To date, there has been no study on these parameters in fish under acid plus aluminum exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of acid and acid/aluminum exposure on circulating plasma cortisol levels and other blood parameters in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Goss

Wood

1988

Journal of Fish Biology

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Softwater (Ca2+ =SO, Na' = 50 pequiv. I-') acclimated rainbow trout were fitted with chronic arterial catheters to allow for repetitive blood sampling. After 48 h recovery they were then exposed to either control (pH 6.5, Al=Opg I-'), acid (pH 4.8, Al=Opg I-') or acid plus aluminum (pH 4.8, A1 = 112 pg 1 l ) conditions for 72 h. Parameters measured included blood glucose, lactate, haemoglobin, haematocrit and plasma Na', CI-, protein and cortisol.Exposure to pH 4 4 alone caused no mortality, a moderate ionoregulatory disturbance and a transient elevation in plasma cortisol. All other parameters were not significantly different from controls. Addition of aluminum to this exposure caused 100% mortality with a mean survival time of only 27.0 h. There was a marked decrease in plasma ions, hyperglycemia, lactate accumulation, haemoconcentration, red cell swelling, and a sharp rise in plasma cortisol becoming greatly increased as the fish neared death. The mechanism of toxicity of acute acid/aluminum exposure, the role for cortisol under such conditions, and the validity ofcortisol and glucose as indicators of stress in fish are discussed.

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Interrenal histochemistry of acid-exposed brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (mitchill)

Cited by 26 publications

References 12 publications

Chronic low pH exposure affects the seawater readiness of juvenile Pacific sockeye salmon

Chronic low pH exposure affects the seawater readiness of juvenile Pacific sockeye salmon

A review of some physiological and toxicological responses of freshwater fish to acid stress

The effects of acid and acid/aluminum exposure on circulating plasma cortisol levels and other blood parameters in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

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