“…In the electricity and water sectors, these changing sociodemographic characteristics, along with the overall population change, will result in spatiotemporal demand changes, creating operational challenges 19 . Given that infrastructure systems are known to be interrelated and interdependent [30][31][32] , it is imperative to consider how depopulation will impact all infrastructure systems. Moreover, with infrastructure deserts already existing, the challenges to meet the basic needs of residents will be amplified 33 .…”