Interrelationships among measures of field dependence, ability, and personality traits.

Elliott, Rogers

doi:10.1037/h0040901

Cited by 80 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Finally, as an incidental result of a study focused on personality correlates of field dependence, Elliott (48) reported that field dependent subjects [identified by Witkins' (136) procedures] described themselves on a semantic differential scale and on a modification of Barron's (11) Independence of Judgment Scale in "conventional and socially desirable terms." Several studies have been reported which have focused, at least in part, on attempts to define the construct, "social desirability," to measure its stability, or to investigate relationships among various measures of it.…”

Section: Christie and Lindauermentioning

confidence: 98%

Personality Structure

Christie¹,

Lindauer²

1963

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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Section: Christie and Lindauermentioning

confidence: 98%

Personality Structure

Christie¹,

Lindauer²

1963

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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“…12,21 Thus, FD are more liable to answer according to social expectations. 22 Similarly, the belief in paranormal phenomena is more common amongst FD. 23 Field-dependency had been linked also to cultural differences as cross-cultural studies found that Westerners are relatively more FI than East Asians, [24][25][26][27] a finding that correlates well with the strong emphasis in Western culture on individualism, where the self is experienced as an autonomous, independent entity, as opposed to East Asian cultures' emphasis on collectivism, where the self is perceived as fundamentally interconnected and in relationships with important others.…”

Section: Field Dependencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Dependency and the Sense of Object-Presence in Haptic Virtual Environments

Hecht

Reiner

2007

CyberPsychology & Behavior

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Virtual environment (VE) users often report having a sense of being present in the virtual place or a sense that the virtual object is present in their environment. This sense of presence depends on both the technological fidelity (e.g., in graphics, haptics) and the users' cognitive/ personality characteristics. This study examined the correlation between user's cognitive style on the field-dependency dimension and the level of object-presence they reported in a haptic VE. Results indicated that field-independent individuals reported higher presence ratings compared to field-dependent participants. We hypothesize that field-independents advantage in reorganizing the perceptual field and constructing it according to their previously acquired internal knowledge enables them to cognitively reconstruct the VE experience more efficiently by selectively attending only to the relevant cues and by filling in the gap of missing information with their previous knowledge and creative imagination. This active and creative cognitive process may be behind the enhanced sense of presence. In addition, we raise a possible linkage between field dependency, the sense of presence, and simulator sickness phenomenon.

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“…No causal relations can be inferred in this kind of work until we can be more sure about accuracy of measurement. Elliot (1961) has remarked that "field dependence . .…”

Section: ( 4 ) E F F E C T Of Instractionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Rod-and-Frame Test: Some Comments on Methodology

Lester

1968

Percept Mot Skills

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Sttn7nzary.-The technique of the Rod-and-fmme Test as used by most psychologists is criticized for difficulties in control of head position, starting position effects, control readings, and the effect of instructions. Differences in results reported with Witkin's method and with other methods are discussed.Culver (1967, p. 377) remarked that "the Rod-and-frame Test has evolved over the last decade into one of psychology's most frequently used measures of individual differences." This has occurred, it appears, in spice of considerable criticism of Witkin's interpretations about relations between perceptual and personaliry factors (Zigler, 1963; Holtzmann, 1955).The present paper is not concerned with the status of the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) as a quick personality measurement. Instead, attention is directed to the problems of che RFT as an experimental method p e~ J e and to the methodological errors made by chose employing it for research in both perception and personality.The original RFT, as performed by Witkin and his co-workers (Witkin, 1948; Witkin & Asch, 1948b), involved setting a lumino~is rod to vertical or horizontal. The rod was si~rrounded by a luminous square frame and was observed in a dark room. Ss performed the task in three positions: sitting erect, tilted to the left in a cilting chair, and tilted to the right. More recent work (e.g., Vaughc, 1965) has tended to employ only the body-erect position.This tendency may be due to fear of contamination of results by the A and E effects (changes in apparent vertical contingent upon tilting of the head), or it may simply arise from the infrequency of tilting chairs. In any case the present paper will attend primarily to methodology for the body-erect position. All commencs may be generalized to the body-tilted conditions, however.The basic procedure used by Witkin for the RFT was the following. S was seated in a dark room and shown a luminous square, tilted to left or right, within which was a luminous line. The line was positioned at "near-vertical" or "near-horizontal" (Asch & Wickin, 1948a, 1948b, or ac "near-vertical" only (Witkin & Asch, 1948b), or in varying positions of tilt (Witkin, 1948).S was instructed to tell E how the line should be adjusted in order to appear vertical (i.e., parallel with the walls or a flagpole). Clockwise and counterclockwise movements of the rod were alternated in some snidies (Asch & Witkin, 1948a). The errors made by S were apparently then analyzed without regard to their direction. No control readings were taken; error scores were calculated with respect to objective vertical rather than to the individual's subjective vertical.

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Interrelationships among measures of field dependence, ability, and personality traits.

Cited by 80 publications

References 22 publications

Personality Structure

Personality Structure

Field Dependency and the Sense of Object-Presence in Haptic Virtual Environments

The Rod-and-Frame Test: Some Comments on Methodology

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