Interrater Reliability of Clinical Ratings and Neurocognitive Diagnoses in HIV

Woods, Steven Paul; Rippeth, Julie D.; Frol, Alan B.; Levy, Joel K.; Ryan, Elizabeth; Soukup, Vicki M.; Hinkin, Charles H.; Lazzaretto, Deborah; Cherner, Mariana; Marcotte, Thomas D.; Gelman, Benjamin B.; Morgello, Susan; Singer, Elyse J.; Grant, Igor; Heaton, Robert K.

doi:10.1080/13803390490509565

Cited by 295 publications

(320 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…The t-scores of the individual tests in each domain were averaged to derive NC domain average t scores, and all individual test t-scores were averaged to derive the Global NC Average t score, which reflects global neurocognitive functioning. 18 Consistent with prior literature, Global NC and Domain Average t scores <40…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…were also based on this prior literature. 2,5,18 The Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-3) Reading Recognition subtest is a test of single word reading that was administered as a measure of quality of education. 19,20 The psychometric properties of the WRAT-3 Reading subtest are well-established with adequate reliability coefficients (>.90) and validity indices (including convergent and content validity).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aging and HIV/AIDS: Neurocognitive Implications for Older HIV-Positive Latina/o Adults

Mindt¹

2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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In recent years, HIV/AIDS populations have become older and increasingly more ethnically diverse. Concurrently, the prevalence of HIV-related neurocognitive (NC) impairment remains high. This study examined the effects of age and ethnicity on NC function in HIV-positive adults. The sample (N = 126; 84 Latina/o and 42 Non-Hispanic White) completed a comprehensive NC battery. Global NC and domain average demographically-corrected t-scores were generated. There were no significant differences between Younger (<50 years) Latina/os and non-Hispanic Whites on Global NC function or NC domains (all p's >.10), with generally small effect sizes. Older Latina/os (≥50 years) were significantly more impaired than Older Non-Hispanic Whites on Correspondence should be addressed to Monica Rivera Mindt, PhD, ABPP-CN, Fordham University, Department of Psychology-DE 322, New York, NY 10024, USA. riveramindt@fordham.edu. 2009. 3,4 Estimates suggest that these trends will continue, 4 and will contribute to the "graying of HIV." HHS Public AccessDespite advancements in treatment, recent research indicates that the prevalence of HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to remain as high as 52%, similar to rates reported in the pre-cART era. 5 Emerging evidence further suggests that older PLWH may be at even higher risk for developing HAND, although this literature remains somewhat equivocal (Cherner et al., 2004;Valcour, 2004). 6,7 A number of factors may potentially confer increased risk of neurocognitive decline in older PLWH, including increased risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathology, immunological changes, and expression of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), among others. 8 However, the potential interactions of aging and HIV disease remain poorly understood. 8The risk factors for neurocognitive decline are especially salient for older racial/ethnic minority PLWHA, and this remains an understudied and poorly understood area. Not only has the HIV/AIDS population become older overall, but this population has also become increasingly ethnically diverse. In the US, the Latina/o population is disproportionately impacted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Among people 50 years or older in the US, Latina/os are five times as likely as their white counterparts to be living with HIV, 3 and once infected, the HIV-seropositive Latina/o population carries greater disease burden compared to nonHispanic white adults. 9 For instance, HIV-seropositive Latina/o adults have a higher mortality rate, are more likely to die at significantly younger ages, and demonstrate significantly worse executive functioning (even after accounting for relevant covariates such as reading level which is a proxy for quality of education) compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. 10,11,12,13 The general US Latina/o population also suffers from myriad other health disparities, including higher rates of stroke, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. 10,14,15 Within an aging, HIV-seropositive, and ethnically diverse urban cohort similar to tha...

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and HIV/AIDS: Neurocognitive Implications for Older HIV-Positive Latina/o Adults

Mindt¹

2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…Participants were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests that assessed a broad range of cognitive abilities sensitive to HIV impairment (Woods et al, 2004 To investigate prevalence of impairment across domains, we assigned t scores using the following published norms: Heaton et al (1991) for GPDH, GPNDH, TMT-A, and TMT-B; Gladsjo et al (1999) for FAS; Benedict et al (1998) for HVLT; Benedict (1997) for BVMT-R; Tulsky & Price (2003) for the WAIS-III subtests; Diehr et al (2003) for PASAT; and Kongs et al (2000) for the WCST-64. The WAIS-III tests correct for African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White ethnicity (Tulsky & Price, 2003).…”

Section: Neuropsychological Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The individual tests were also grouped according to the following domains (Woods et al, 2004) as indicated in Appendix I. To investigate prevalence of impairment across domains, we assigned t scores using the aforementioned published norms with the exception of the WAIS-III tests, which used norms from Wechsler (1997).…”

Section: Neuropsychological Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in participant characterization

Ryan

Baird

Mindt

et al. 2005

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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Educational attainment is an important factor in the interpretation of cognitive test scores but years of education are not necessarily synonymous with educational quality among racial0ethnic minority populations. This study investigated the comparability of educational attainment with reading level and examined whether discrepancies in education and reading level accounted for differences in neuropsychological test performance between HIV1 racial0ethnic minority and nonminority participants. Study participants (N 5 200) were derived from the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank (MHBB) where 50% of the cohort had Յ8th grade reading level but only 5% had Յ8 years of education. Significantly lower reading ability and education was found among African Americans and Hispanics, and these participants were more likely to have discrepant reading and education levels compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Discrepancy in reading and education level was associated with worse neuropsychological performance while racial0ethnic minority status was not. As years of schooling overestimated racial0ethnic minority participants' educational quality, standard norms based on education may inflate impairment rates among racial0ethnic minorities. Identifying appropriate normative standards is and will continue to be important in the detection of cognitive impairment in racial0ethnic minorities with HIV. (JINS, 2005, 11, 889-898.)

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“…The individual tests were grouped according to the following domains as previously described (Woods et al, 2004) To investigate prevalence of impairment across domains, we assigned T scores using published norms (Woods et al, 2004). These normatively derived T scores corrected for neuropsychologic testing differences that could be attributable to age, race, and education.…”

Section: Neuropsychologic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathologic correlates of hepatitis C virus in brain: A pilot study

et al. 2008

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been detected in the brain tissues of 10 individuals reported to date; it is unclear what clinical factors are associated with this, and with what frequency it occurs. Accordingly, a pilot analysis utilizing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and sequence HCV in premortem plasma and postmortem brain and liver from 20 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and 10 HIV-naïve individuals was undertaken. RNA encoding the first 126 amino acids of the HCV E1 envelope protein and the majority of the E1 signal sequence was analyzed in parallel with an 80-base-long segment of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). Liver HCV was detected only in subjects with premortem HCV viremia (10 HIV-infected and 3 HIVnaïve). Brain HCV was detected in 6/10 HCV/HIV-coinfected and 1/3 HCV-monoinfected subjects. In the setting of HIV, the magnitude of plasma HCV load did not correlate with the presence of brain HCV. However, coinfected patients with brain HCV were more often off antiretroviral therapy and tended to have higher plasma HIV loads than those with HCV restricted to liver. Furthermore, premortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed that HCV/HIV-coinfected patients with brain HCV had detectable CSF HIV, whereas those without brain HCV had undetectable CSF HIV loads (P = .0205). Neuropsychologic tests showed a trend for hierarchical impairment of abstraction/ executive functioning in HIV/HCV coinfection, with mean T scores for HIV monoinfected patients 43.2 (7.3), for liver-only HCV 39.5 (9.0), and for those with HCV in brain and liver 33.2 (5.1) (P = . 0927). Predominant brain HCV sequences did not match those of the plasma or liver in 4 of the 6 coinfected patients analyzed. We conclude that in the setting of HIV/HCV coinfection, brain HCV is a common phenomenon unrelated to the magnitude of HCV viremia, but related to active HIV disease and detectable CSF HIV. Furthermore, there is sequence evidence of brain compartmentalization. Differences in abstraction/executive function of HCV/HIV coinfected patients compared to HIV monoinfected warrant further studies to determine if neuropsychiatric effects are predicated upon brain infection.

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Interrater Reliability of Clinical Ratings and Neurocognitive Diagnoses in HIV

Cited by 295 publications

References 56 publications

Aging and HIV/AIDS: Neurocognitive Implications for Older HIV-Positive Latina/o Adults

Aging and HIV/AIDS: Neurocognitive Implications for Older HIV-Positive Latina/o Adults

Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in participant characterization

Clinicopathologic correlates of hepatitis C virus in brain: A pilot study

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