Interracial Marriage in Hawaii.

Plant-people Intimacies: Sugar Canes, Pineapples and the Memory of Migration in Hawai‘i

“…The Portuguese of Hawai'i mostly descend from the Madeiran and Azorean islanders who joined Hawai'i's plantation labour force between 1878 and 1913, during the last period of Hawaiian monarchy and the early period of annexation to the United States (Bastos 2018;Caldeira 2010;de Mattos 2022;Felix and Senecal 1978;Miller 2020). They formed a distinct ethnicity in a society that has long been represented as multiracial or multi-ethnic (Adams 1937;Anderson 2012;Lind 1938;Lee and Baldoz 2008).…”

“…After abolition, beyond the Black/White racialized hierarchy created by the system, the plantation kept producing hierarchies that were reinforced by pay-scales, management techniques, and ideologies of race that often came in colours and expressions of prejudice. The process was also at work in Hawai'i, even if submerged under the ideology of a 'multiracial paradise' thematized by Robert Park's disciples Romanzo Adams (1937) and Andrew Lind (1938).…”

Divorce: crisis, challenge or relief?

“…Some time ago Romnzo Adams (1937) categorized a variety of ethnic groups on the basis of organizational features. Asians were categorized as members of cultures that traditionally had strict rules, regulations and expectations that resulted in an organized approach to life (Adams 1937).…”

“…Some time ago Romnzo Adams (1937) categorized a variety of ethnic groups on the basis of organizational features. Asians were categorized as members of cultures that traditionally had strict rules, regulations and expectations that resulted in an organized approach to life (Adams 1937). In contrast, the traditional attitudes of Hawaiians had fewer organizational restraints on their behavior than the Japanese or Chinese Americans.…”

“…While at first glance, this literature on divorce among Asian and Pacific Islanders seems contradictory, the patterns make intuitive sense but must be empirically tested. First, the four studies cited have been done at four disparate periods of time: Adams in 1937, Lind in 1964, Schwertfeger in 1968and Waldron et al in 1986 Cohort and generational factors, such as acceptability of outmarriages and stigma of divorce among Asian and Pacific Islander groups could account for wide variation in rate of outmarriage across these four studies. Second, the findings may not be contradictory at all but examine the rate of divorce in outmarriages at different levels of analysis (i.e., rates of outmarriage regardless of ethnicity and sex of marital partners).…”