“…The methodology of the studies that met inclusion criteria were diverse and included the following: two quality improvement projects (QI) ( Naqib et al, 2018;Rosenthal et al, 2018), four quasiexperimental studies without control groups (Puskar et al, 2016;Russell et al, 2017;Tran et al, 2009aTran et al, , 2009b) one pilot study (Tran et al, 2009a) and two randomised control group studies (Corrigan et al, 2018;Graham et al, 1997). While seven studies used a pretest-post-test design to evaluate knowledge/competency (Corrigan et al, 2018;Graham et al, 1997;Naqib et al, 2018;Puskar et al, 2016;Russell et al, 2017;Sargsyan et al, 2013;Tran et al, 2009b), one study was a chart audit that examined documentation of screening for alcohol and other substances before and after a practice guideline change that included an educational programme, (Tran et al, 2009a) and one measured outcomes only, after an educational programme of simulation (Rosenthal et al, 2018).…”