Interpreting the International Space Station Microgravity Environment

DeLombard, Richard; Hrovat, Kenneth; Kelly, Eric; Humphreys, Brad

doi:10.2514/6.2005-727

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The ISS is one of the most famous systems for outer space ever built. The ISS is a joint work between five space agencies that took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble [ 89 ].…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, the environment experienced onboard the ISS is affected by low-level accelerations and vibrations. These forces result from the ISS’s free fall due to its orbital flight and the design of the ISS itself [ 89 ]. The lowest possible gravity (acceleration) is located in a floating point close to the ISS centre of mass [ 89 ].…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ISS has 16 pressurised modules (habitable for humans): nine American, four Russian, two Japanese, and one European. The ISS comprises modules, and all elements attached to the structure of the space station experience vibrations from multiple sources (e.g., fans, pumps, atmospheric drag, and attitude control system) and are transmitted by the ISS structure itself (mechanically) and the air (acoustically) [ 89 ].…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inside the ISS, the spectrum of the vibrations oscillates between the steady frequencies to 300 Hz. Nonetheless, these vibrations possess different magnitudes, ranging from 1 × 10 −5 m/s 2 at low frequencies to 1 m/s 2 at high frequencies [ 89 ]. Given that the lower acceleration levels are approximately one millionth of the Earth’s gravity (1 g ≈ 9.8 m/s 2 ), the environment inside the ISS is considered to be µ g .…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cardiovascular System in Space: Focus on In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

et al. 2021

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On Earth, humans are subjected to a gravitational force that has been an important determinant in human evolution and function. During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to several hazards including a prolonged state of microgravity that induces a myriad of physiological adaptations leading to orthostatic intolerance. This review summarises all known cardiovascular diseases related to human spaceflight and focusses on the cardiovascular changes related to human spaceflight (in vivo) as well as cellular and molecular changes (in vitro). Upon entering microgravity, cephalad fluid shift occurs and increases the stroke volume (35–46%) and cardiac output (18–41%). Despite this increase, astronauts enter a state of hypovolemia (10–15% decrease in blood volume). The absence of orthostatic pressure and a decrease in arterial pressures reduces the workload of the heart and is believed to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiac atrophy in space. Cellular and molecular changes include altered cell shape and endothelial dysfunction through suppressed cellular proliferation as well as increased cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Human spaceflight is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. Through the use of microgravity platforms, multiple physiological changes can be studied and stimulate the development of appropriate tools and countermeasures for future human spaceflight missions in low Earth orbit and beyond.

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“…The ISS is one of the most famous systems for outer space ever built. The ISS is a joint work between five space agencies that took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble [ 89 ].…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiovascular Diseases Related To Microgravity (In Vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Cardiovascular System in Space: Focus on In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

et al. 2021

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“…Microgravity acceleration is a fundamental performance index to represent the microgravity environment of payloads under control of vibration isolation devices. The requirement of vibratory acceleration on ISS, SSP 41000D, is defined as follows (Delombard et al 2005): the vibratory acceleration of payloads at structural mounting interfaces averaged over 100 s should be limited to RMS (Root Mean Square) acceleration magnitude in the one-third octave not exceeding the black line in Fig. 7.…”

Section: Microgravity Performance Indices In Flight Test Microgravitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Flight Test Results of the Microgravity Active Vibration Isolation System in China’s Tianzhou-1 Mission

Liu

Dong

2018

Microgravity Sci. Technol.

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The Microgravity Active vibration Isolation System (MAIS) was operated on China's first cargo-spacecraft Tianzhou-1, which was launched on April 20, 2017 and re-entered atmosphere and burned on September 22, 2017. In this article, the flight test results of MAIS is presented. The results are evaluated in terms of the performances of microgravity acceleration and vibration attenuation under control. Firstly, the system configuration of MAIS on Tianzhou-1 is described, including operating modes, acceleration measurement, and control schemes. Then, two control performance indices, namely, microgravity acceleration and vibration attenuation, are introduced, followed by their definitions and methods of calculation. Subsequently, the flight test results of MAIS are described in detail. The microgravity acceleration under a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller is at the order of 10 −7-10 −6 m/s 2 in the frequency band of 0.01-10 Hz, and the performance of vibration attenuation reaches −20 dB at frequencies higher than 0.2 Hz. The flight test results show that MAIS in the TZ-1 mission performed well and achieved the expected control performance of microgravity vibration isolation in orbit. Finally, some experiences and lessons learned are summarized, which can serve as a benchmark reference to develop MAIS-like devices on board China's Space Station in the near future.

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