“…The decoupling of the three O 1s spectra generally gives four curve-fitting components in the spectrum from each sample. The peaks (labelled "i") at binding energy (BE) around 529.4-529.6 eV could be attributed to lattice O 2-(Cu-O, Co-O) [6,8,21], the peaks (denoted "ii") at BE around 530.5-530.8 eV may be treated as the surface oxygen from a wide variation of species such as adsorbed oxygen O -and/or OH -like species, as hydroxyl, carbonate groups, etc [6,8,[22][23][24][25], while the adjacent peaks (labelled "iii" and "iv") at BE around = 531.4-531.5 eV and at BE around 531.8-532.0 eV, respectively, could be assigned as subsurface O -species [26,27]. A relatively flat peak shoulder in the high energy side of O 1s peak (Fig.…”