Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part I: Sand

Robertson, P. K.; Campanella, Richard

doi:10.1139/t83-078

Cited by 371 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The cone penetration resistance was also estimated from the friction angle that was obtained from the triaxial tests. By using the relationship given by Robertson and Campanella (1983), for 36 % friction angle, cone penetration resistance was determined less than 1,000 kPa which is consistent with the recorded values from the CPTu tests.…”

Section: Cone Penetration Resistance and Relative Densitysupporting

confidence: 84%

Influence of consolidation properties on the cyclic re-liquefaction potential of sands

Ecemis

Demirci

Karaman

2014

Bull Earthquake Eng

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The relative density can be used as the main indicator to assess the liquefaction resistance of clean sands. As relative density of the sand deposit increases significantly following the initial liquefaction, one should expect that the soil can improve its liquefaction resistance. However, earthquake records indicate that densified sand can be liquefied again (re-liquefied) at smaller cycles by the similar seismic loadings. This work aims to clarify the counterintuitive finding that, after the first liquefaction, the resulting significant increase in relative density (induced by settlements and variation of the water level) do not necessarily imply an increase in the number of loading cycles for re-liquefaction. In this paper, we present a series of experimental results concerning the cyclic liquefaction and the following re-liquefaction of clean sand deposits. The experimental setup is performed by a shaking table, transmitting one-degree of freedom transversal motion to the soil within the 1.5 m high laminar shear box. At four different seismic demands, the input excitation was imposed three times to examine the influence of the initial distributions of the relative density and the consolidation characteristics on the liquefaction potential of the sand. The re-liquefaction cycles of the sand, which previously experienced liquefaction under the same seismic loadings, show that post-liquefaction reconsolidation of the sand deposits affects the re-liquefaction resistance.

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Section: Cone Penetration Resistance and Relative Densitysupporting

confidence: 84%

Influence of consolidation properties on the cyclic re-liquefaction potential of sands

Ecemis

Demirci

Karaman

2014

Bull Earthquake Eng

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“…As cone resistance is primarily a measure of strength, which in an undrained material will be a function of the void ratio, it should be anticipated that α may vary with OCR as normally and overconsolidated soils at the same void ratio have very different compressibility (indeed, different α-values are recommended for normally and over-consolidated sands; Robertson and Campanella, 1983a;Meigh, 1987). Therefore only the compressibility of specimens recovered from below 15 AOD, where the PFA is thought to be normally consolidated, were intentionally fitted by the CPT correlation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interpretation of CPT Data from Hydraulically Placed PFA

Stewart¹,

Cousens²,

Charles-Cruz³

2004

Geoenvironmental Engineering

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Cone penetration test (CPT) results on an ~20 year old, hydraulically placed pulverised fuel ash (PFA) deposit are reported, along with the results of oedometer compression tests on 'undisturbed' specimens recovered during the site investigation and resedimented PFA samples. The latter showed that aged PFA can undergo significant secondary compression.The correlation between volume compressibility and cone resistance, m v =1/(α.q c ), is fitted to compressibility data from undisturbed samples to determine α. The resulting CPT compressibility profile shows good agreement with compressibility trends for aged PFA estimated from the tests on resedimented ash. It is therefore recommended that a value of α=11 should be used for normally consolidated, aged PFA. The danger of biased sampling in very loose non-cohesive materials and the need for depth profiling by in-situ measurement are highlighted.

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“…Bu yaklaşımla laboratuvarda ölçülene daha yakın bir değerin yakalandığı dikkate değerdir. formülü ile bulunabileceğini ifade edilmiştir [22]. Kalibrasyon silindirinde daha fazla örnek (24 kum) üzerinde yapılan deney sonuçlarına göre geliştirilen alternatif yaklaşımda efektif kayma direnci açısı: 00 17.6 11.0 log( ) tl q   (6) ile elde edilebilir [23].…”

Section: Kayma Direnciunclassified

The Determination of Ground Properties by the Cone Penetration Test

Bol¹,

Özocak²,

Sert³

2014

A P J Eng Sci

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ÖzetZeminlerin fiziksel, mekanik ve hidrolik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi Geoteknik Mühendisliğinin en önemli konularının başında gelmektedir. Buna yönelik olarak uzun yıllardır sondajlı zemin incelemesinde sıkça uygulanan standart penetrasyon deneyinde (SPT); sonuçları etkileyen faktörlerin çokluğu, uygulama ve yorum yanlışlıkları, bunun yanında tüp içine alınan ve örselenmemiş tabir edilen numunelerin laboratuvar denemelerinde doğal durumundan büyük oranda farklı durumda olduğu gerçeği, diğer arazi deneylerinde gelişmelere neden oluşturur. Gelişen teknoloji sayesinde boşluk suyu basınçlarını da ölçebilen Arazi Koni Penetrasyon Deneyi (PCPT) ile zeminlerin çeşitli özelliklerini artık kesintisiz olarak belirlemek mümkün olmuştur. Koni penetrasyon deneyi, insan müdahalesi olmadan yapılan sürekli ölçüm sayesinde zemin profilinin ayrıntılı ve gerçeğe en yakın şekilde elde edilmesine olanak vermektedir. Deney; kısa zamanda istenilen sayıda tekrarlanabilmekte, zemin parametreleri numune alınmasına ve laboratuvar çalışmasına gerek duyulmadan elde edilebilmekte, ayrıca deneyin yapılmasının ve sonuçların yorumlanmasının diğer yöntemlere göre daha az zaman alması, işgücü ve maliyet açısından avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada deneyin özellikleri yanında Adapazarı zeminlerinde yapılan 350'nin üzerindeki boşluk suyu basıncı ölçümlü koni penetrasyon deneylerinden seçilmiş örnek ile uygulama ve değerlendirme aşamaları anlatılmaktadır. AbstractDetermination of the physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of soils is one of the most important tasks in geotechnical engineering. The conventional approach of drilling a borehole and attempting to procure undisturbed samples often present difficulties due to sample disturbance, in addition SPT procedures still have human and equipment based problems. So, some other alternative in-situ tests started to being widely used. The use of the cone penetration test for the determination of soil properties is a novel approach to soil investigation because of its speed and requiring minimum human intervention on the readouts. Today, the standard penetration test, a long time favourite is full of pitfalls in implementation and interpretation whereas the CPT with pore pressure measurements has been used increasingly in respect to improving technology to determine some other parameters (ie: chemical properties of water, electrical resistivity, pH, temperature) in addition to geotechnical properties of soils and detecting soil stratigraphy. This paper describes the advantages of the CPT through the results obtained in the city of and Adapazarı during the past fourteen years.

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Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part I: Sand

Cited by 371 publications

References 13 publications

Influence of consolidation properties on the cyclic re-liquefaction potential of sands

Influence of consolidation properties on the cyclic re-liquefaction potential of sands

The Interpretation of CPT Data from Hydraulically Placed PFA

The Determination of Ground Properties by the Cone Penetration Test

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