Interpol review of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues

Klapec, Douglas J.; Czarnopys, Greg; Pannuto, Julie

doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100298

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 819 publications

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“…Significant efforts have been made in the past decade to advance the detection of both organic and inorganic explosive residues. , Traditional analytical technology has been utilized for the detection of peroxide-based explosives including infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, enzymatic reactions, and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) . The most prevalent of the peroxide-based explosives, TATP, along with its dimer variant diacetone diperoxide (DADP) can be readily detected with gas chromatography using MS or electron capture as the means of detection, − liquid chromatography coupled to MS, and even ambient ionization techniques such as desorption electrospray ionization , and dielectric barrier discharge ionization .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 2-Butanone Peroxide Oligomeric Profiles and Their Associated Gas-Phase and Solution-Phase Rearrangement Products by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Applications

Bain,

Stutzman,

Pannuto

et al. 2024

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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2-Butanone peroxide (also known as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, MEKP) has applications as a cross-linker in the chemical industry and is also encountered as a homemade primary high explosive; therefore, it is of interest to both process chemists and forensic examiners. Specifically for forensic applications, we demonstrate that when traditional synthetic procedures, available to any hobbyist, are utilized to generate MEKP, oligomeric peroxide units (n ≤ 12), along with several other oligomeric byproduct distributions, are readily observed by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS). These oligomeric byproducts correspond to the formation of methyl/ethyl ketone end group(s) at the oligomer end group (i.e., loss of ethanol(s) and/or methanol(s) from the oligomer termini). Based on the interpretation of the MS and MS/ MS behavior along with the characterization of newly generated terminal alkyl ketone products, we propose that these byproducts are consistent with a Hock-like rearrangement of the primary MEKP distribution in the acidified reaction medium. Following a procedure for homemade preparation, triplicate lots were synthesized. Unique oligomeric and byproduct distributions provided discriminatory power between the synthetic lots. Furthermore, the distributions of MEKP oligomers and the various byproducts in the initiated MEKP match the intensity distributions observed in the intact material with remarkable accuracy. This observation suggests that the postinitiation residue of MEKP could be associated or dissociated from a separately collected intact material obtained during an investigation by examining these oligomeric and byproduct profiles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 2-Butanone Peroxide Oligomeric Profiles and Their Associated Gas-Phase and Solution-Phase Rearrangement Products by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Applications

Bain,

Stutzman,

Pannuto

et al. 2024

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…There is currently an enormous need in reliable and effective sensors for detection of explosives, since one of the most considerable tasks is to ensure security by prevention of terrorist threats. [1][2][3] In addition, the development of highly sensitive sensors towards explosives, as highly dangerous ecotoxicants, is critical to improve the effectiveness of environmental monitoring. 4,5 Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) have been used as the key ingredients in many explosive compositions, particularly used in military fields, as well as in agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and dyes industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of random copolymers of styrene and arylamino substituted styrenes and their sensitivities towards nitroaromatics

Eddin,

Zhilina,

Chuvashov

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Random copolymers of styrene and substituted styrenes bearing arylamino substituents as fluorophore units have been obtained. Their photophysical properties have been investigated by measuring absorption and emission spectra as in solutions as solid‐state. All copolymers proved to possess absolute quantum yields up to 0.39 in solution and up to 0.05 in solid‐state, depending on their fluorophore substituents. Fluorescence studies have shown that these copolymers show a highly sensitive response towards a diversity of nitroaromatic compounds, both in solutions and in a vapor phase. The detection limits for these compounds towards model nitroaromatic explosives in dichloromethane solution proved to be in the range from 10−6 to 10−7 mol/L. The fluorescent materials prepared by electrospinning of synthesized copolymers have been evaluated as sensor materials for detecting nitrobenzene vapor for our hand‐made sniffer with detection limits of 0.5 ppm during 100‐s exposure to the vapor.

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Ion Mobility Spectrometry in Forensic Science

Joshi

2024

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Ion mobility spectrometry ( IMS ) is a valuable screening technique for hazardous chemicals in the field. It is prolifically used by law enforcement agencies, emergency response personnel, security agencies, and the military to detect explosives, illicit drugs, toxic industrial chemicals, and chemical warfare agents. IMS has been greatly successful, thanks to its portability, ruggedness, ability to operate at ambient pressures, low power requirements, simplicity, fast analysis times, and excellent sensitivity to target substances. This article outlines the current status of IMS and explores exciting innovations that could bring mobility principles to the laboratory, potentially improving the efficiency and accuracy of chemical analyses. The growth of gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry ( GC–IMS ) and ion mobility‐mass spectrometry ( IM–MS ) could be an avenue for exploration in forensic science analysis. Both techniques improve upon IMS by addressing its weaknesses of poor resolution and susceptibility to mixtures. These are the primary obstacles to the laboratory use of IMS. As IMS continues to serve as a trace chemical monitor in the field, these developments in the coupling of IMS principles with other analytical techniques are giving mobility spectrometry a new purpose in the laboratory.

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Interpol review of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues

Cited by 9 publications

References 819 publications

Characterization of 2-Butanone Peroxide Oligomeric Profiles and Their Associated Gas-Phase and Solution-Phase Rearrangement Products by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Applications

Characterization of 2-Butanone Peroxide Oligomeric Profiles and Their Associated Gas-Phase and Solution-Phase Rearrangement Products by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Applications

Synthesis of random copolymers of styrene and arylamino substituted styrenes and their sensitivities towards nitroaromatics

Ion Mobility Spectrometry in Forensic Science

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