We attached the pathogen associated molecular pattern Kdo 2 -Lipid A (the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (E. coli)) to QDs by hydrophobic interactions to synthetically mimic the surface of E. coli. QD-LPS conjugates bind, are taken up and activate effectively macrophages in vitro and they have potent immunostimulatory activity in vivo.Biological chemistry uses many types of small synthetic molecules to probe and understand facets of biology. Important examples include the range of organic dyes which as fluorescent probes enable the behaviour of individual biomolecules to be tracked in vitro and in vivo. 1 Also important are synthetic compounds which, resembling the structures and functions of active sites, provide a chemical approach to understand enzyme catalysis. 2 However, it is important that we progressively move to understanding more complex biological systems and for this, new nanomaterials offer unique opportunities.Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have become important materials in biology as alternatives to traditional organic and genetically-encoded fluorophores due to their unique optical properties. 3 So far they have been used to track individual biomolecules, but for this application a widespread concern is that biomolecules can loose activity when they are attached to QDs because these are multivalent and large. 4 Thus, recent attention has turned toward labeling strategies which enable site-specific recognition 5 and controlling the number of molecules that can be attached to a single QD down to a single molecule. 6 However, multivalency is important for regulating a wide range of biological processes. 7 It has been shown that the ability of multivalent ligands to cluster cell surface receptors for the initiation of downstream signal transduction responses can lead to increased activity over monovalent ligands. 7 Thus, the nanometer-size and multivalency of QDs can become useful features for some applications, as some studies are beginning to show. 3e,8 Attachment of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; evolutionary conserved, pathogen-derived motifs which the host uses to discriminate self from non-self 9 ) to QDs opens up the door to synthetic mimics of bacteria and viruses. The creation of these new tools will enable us to elucidate how microbial pathogens are processed by the immune system, and therefore to gain new perspectives on how to combat infectious diseases more effectively. Here we focus on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) -a PAMP which decorates the