Interplay of Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Dietary Antioxidant Capacity with Insulin Resistance in Subjects with a Cardiometabolic Risk Profile

Abstract

Background: Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) are accepted indicators of diet quality, which have an effect on diet–disease relationships. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential associations of dietary TAC, GI, and GL with variables related to nutritive status and insulin resistance (IR) risk in cardiometabolic subjects. Methods: A total of 112 overweight or obese adults (age: 50.8 ± 9 years old) were included in the trial. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which was also used to calculate the dietary TAC, GI, and GL. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), glycemic and lipid profiles, C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as fatty liver quantification by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were assessed. Results: Subjects with higher values of TAC had significantly lower circulating insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Participants with higher values of HOMA-IR showed significantly higher GI and GL. Correlation analyses showed relevant inverse associations of GI and GL with TAC. A regression model evidenced a relationship of HOMA-IR with TAC, GI, and GL. Conclusion: This data reinforces the concept that dietary TAC, GI, and GL are potential markers of diet quality, which have an impact on the susceptible population with a cardiometabolic risk profile.

COVID-19 Lockdown and Changes of the Dietary Pattern and Physical Activity Habits in a Cohort of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Standardised questionnaires were used to evaluate all the variables. Dietary practices were evaluated using a semi-quantitative 96-item questionnaire called Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), validated in Spanish adults [ 12 , 13 ]. Each item included a typical portion size.…”

Predictive Value of Serum Ferritin in Combination with Alanine Aminotransferase and Glucose Levels for Noninvasive Assessment of NAFLD: Fatty Liver in Obesity (FLiO) Study

“…The dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) score was calculated by computing the individual TAC values from the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay of each food. The mean TAC value of the foods contained in each item was used to calculate the dietary TAC score from the FFQ [31].…”

“…Glycemic index (GI) values for single food items on the food frequency questionnaire were derived from the "International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values" as previously reported [31]. Total dietary GI was estimated by multiplying the amount of available carbohydrate (g) of each food item by its GI.…”

“…The sum of these products was divided by the total carbohydrate intake. Glycemic load (GL) was also calculated, which represents the amount of carbohydrates multiplied by the average GI [31].…”

Antioxidant Lifestyle, Co-Morbidities and Quality of Life Empowerment Concerning Liver Fibrosis

“…In this context, the composition of the diet may have an important role in the management of NAFLD [ 36 ], since the severity of NAFLD has been associated with an increase in oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status [ 37 ]. Indeed, specific foods such as meat [ 38 ], fruits [ 39 ], glycemic index [ 40 ] or protein content [ 41 ] have been involved on pro-oxidative and antioxidant patterns in liver patients. Furthermore, lifestyle factors have been associated with NAFLD in a Mediterranean cohort [ 42 ], which have repeatedly reported that physical activity, exercise and sport practice are related to oxidative stress [ 43 , 44 ].…”