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Water and related systems play a central role in science and technology. Although water has unusual and anomalous behaviors, if compared with normal liquids, it is of fundamental interest in many research fields going from chemical-physics to life sciences. The first and well known example of these anomalies is the density maximum, at 277 K, intuited by Galilei [1] in 1612 and lately discovered in Florence [2]. These anomalies are present in both the solid and liquid forms. In fact, from one side the crystalline ice phase diagram, as discovered by Bridgman [3] in 1912, is characterized by the polymorphism. From the other side the liquid, depending on pressure and temperature, shows a complex behavior in its thermodynamic response functions (and the corresponding fluctuations) in particular inside the metastable supercooled state. A reason for which water is considered a prototype of complex materials and glass forming liquids; it in fact, can be cooled below its melting temperature (T m) up to the homogeneous nucleation temperature. The difference between a normal liquid and water is just in the fluctuations behaviors; in a normal fluid both the entropy and volume fluctuations become smaller and positively correlated as T decreases, on the contrary in water they become more pronounced and below T m are anti-correlated (a volume increase brings an entropy decrease). Hence the water cooling is accompanied by a pronounced and increasing local order, due to the Hydrogen bond (HB) interaction, inside the supercooled state also resulting in a diverging (critical like) behavior of the thermodynamic functions. As proposed by Speedy and Angell [4], at ambient pressure the specific heat and the compressibility appear to diverge at a singular temperature T s~2 28 K. At the beginning of the 1960s, just in order to account for water anomalous properties, experimental and theoretical studies suggest the idea of "two liquids of the same substance". Just in 1967 Rapoport [5] wrote "Several models postulating the existence of two species have been proposed in order to account for the anomalous properties of water." Only after the Mishima's discovery of the amorphous ice polymorphism in 1985 [6], namely the low and high density glasses, such an idea was enforced. Few years later these experimental findings, in 1992, in a computational study the Stanley's team provided an appropriate link between the glass and liquid polymorphism suggesting a proper explanation for the anomalous behavior of the supercooled water's response functions [7]. In particular, such a simulation was coherent with the occurrence of a first-order phase transition between two liquids, whose line extends into the solid amorphous region. This volume, reporting some of the contributions given at the International School "Water and Water Systems-The Hydrophobic Effect" held in ERICE (Italy) from 4 to 11 July 2018 at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture, gives an overview of the present status of the water physics encompassing experiment...
Water and related systems play a central role in science and technology. Although water has unusual and anomalous behaviors, if compared with normal liquids, it is of fundamental interest in many research fields going from chemical-physics to life sciences. The first and well known example of these anomalies is the density maximum, at 277 K, intuited by Galilei [1] in 1612 and lately discovered in Florence [2]. These anomalies are present in both the solid and liquid forms. In fact, from one side the crystalline ice phase diagram, as discovered by Bridgman [3] in 1912, is characterized by the polymorphism. From the other side the liquid, depending on pressure and temperature, shows a complex behavior in its thermodynamic response functions (and the corresponding fluctuations) in particular inside the metastable supercooled state. A reason for which water is considered a prototype of complex materials and glass forming liquids; it in fact, can be cooled below its melting temperature (T m) up to the homogeneous nucleation temperature. The difference between a normal liquid and water is just in the fluctuations behaviors; in a normal fluid both the entropy and volume fluctuations become smaller and positively correlated as T decreases, on the contrary in water they become more pronounced and below T m are anti-correlated (a volume increase brings an entropy decrease). Hence the water cooling is accompanied by a pronounced and increasing local order, due to the Hydrogen bond (HB) interaction, inside the supercooled state also resulting in a diverging (critical like) behavior of the thermodynamic functions. As proposed by Speedy and Angell [4], at ambient pressure the specific heat and the compressibility appear to diverge at a singular temperature T s~2 28 K. At the beginning of the 1960s, just in order to account for water anomalous properties, experimental and theoretical studies suggest the idea of "two liquids of the same substance". Just in 1967 Rapoport [5] wrote "Several models postulating the existence of two species have been proposed in order to account for the anomalous properties of water." Only after the Mishima's discovery of the amorphous ice polymorphism in 1985 [6], namely the low and high density glasses, such an idea was enforced. Few years later these experimental findings, in 1992, in a computational study the Stanley's team provided an appropriate link between the glass and liquid polymorphism suggesting a proper explanation for the anomalous behavior of the supercooled water's response functions [7]. In particular, such a simulation was coherent with the occurrence of a first-order phase transition between two liquids, whose line extends into the solid amorphous region. This volume, reporting some of the contributions given at the International School "Water and Water Systems-The Hydrophobic Effect" held in ERICE (Italy) from 4 to 11 July 2018 at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture, gives an overview of the present status of the water physics encompassing experiment...
In the recent years a considerable effort has been devoted to foster the understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the dynamical arrest that is involved in glass forming in supercooled liquids and in the sol-gel transition. The elucidation of the nature of such processes represents one of the most challenging unsolved problems in the field of material science. In this context, two important theories have contributed significantly to the interpretation of these phenomena: the Mode-Coupling theory (MCT) and the Percolation theory (PT). These theories are rooted on the two pillars of statistical physics, universality and scale laws, and their original formulations have been subsequently modified to account for the fundamental concepts of Energy Landscape (EL) and of the universality of the fragile to strong dynamical crossover (FSC). In this review, we discuss experimental and theoretical results, including Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, reported in the literature for colloidal and polymer systems displaying both glass and sol-gel transitions. Special focus is dedicated to the analysis of the interferences between these transitions and on the possible interplay between MCT and PT. By reviewing recent theoretical developments, we show that such interplay between sol-gel and glass transitions may be interpreted in terms of the extended F13 MCT model that describes these processes based on the presence of a glass-glass transition line terminating in an A3 cusp-like singularity (near which the logarithmic decay of the density correlator is observed). This transition line originates from the presence of two different amorphous structures, one generated by the inter-particle attraction and the other by the pure repulsion characteristic of hard spheres. We show here, combining literature results with some new results, that such a situation can be generated, and therefore experimentally studied, by considering colloidal-like particles interacting via a hard core plus an attractive square well potential. In the final part of this review, scaling laws associated both to MCT and PT are applied to describe, by means of these two theories, the specific viscoelastic properties of some systems.
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