Interplay between proteases and protease inhibitors in the sea fan—Aspergillus pathosystem

Mann, Whitney T.; Beach-Letendre, Joshuah; Mydlarz, Laura D.

doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2499-2

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…While attacking structural components of pathogens is an efficient defense mechanism, pathogens use virulence factors, such as proteases, to damage and subsequently infiltrate the host tissues. Inhibition of virulence factors may be another defense strategy employed by octocorals as protease inhibitors that inhibit the activity of such fungal protease virulence factors were recently described [ 198 ].…”

Section: Octocoral Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although little is known about the relationship between the environment and the octocoral immune system, current studies have only detected increases in immune parameters under potential stress conditions. For example, increased levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen positively correlated with chitinase and lysozyme-like enzyme activities [ 196 ], while increases in amoebocytes [ 192 ], protease inhibitor [ 198 ], and antifungal [ 202 ] activity have been observed under elevated seawater temperatures. However, under these conditions, microbial growth may be stimulated [ 202 ], requiring the host to invest in immunity.…”

Section: Octocoral Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host-microbe interactions in octocoral holobionts - recent advances and perspectives

2018

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Octocorals are one of the most ubiquitous benthic organisms in marine ecosystems from the shallow tropics to the Antarctic deep sea, providing habitat for numerous organisms as well as ecosystem services for humans. In contrast to the holobionts of reef-building scleractinian corals, the holobionts of octocorals have received relatively little attention, despite the devastating effects of disease outbreaks on many populations. Recent advances have shown that octocorals possess remarkably stable bacterial communities on geographical and temporal scales as well as under environmental stress. This may be the result of their high capacity to regulate their microbiome through the production of antimicrobial and quorum-sensing interfering compounds. Despite decades of research relating to octocoral-microbe interactions, a synthesis of this expanding field has not been conducted to date. We therefore provide an urgently needed review on our current knowledge about octocoral holobionts. Specifically, we briefly introduce the ecological role of octocorals and the concept of holobiont before providing detailed overviews of (I) the symbiosis between octocorals and the algal symbiont Symbiodinium; (II) the main fungal, viral, and bacterial taxa associated with octocorals; (III) the dominance of the microbial assemblages by a few microbial species, the stability of these associations, and their evolutionary history with the host organism; (IV) octocoral diseases; (V) how octocorals use their immune system to fight pathogens; (VI) microbiome regulation by the octocoral and its associated microbes; and (VII) the discovery of natural products with microbiome regulatory activities. Finally, we present our perspectives on how the field of octocoral research should move forward, and the recognition that these organisms may be suitable model organisms to study coral-microbe symbioses.

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Section: Octocoral Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Octocoral Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-microbe interactions in octocoral holobionts - recent advances and perspectives

2018

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“…Many studies have examined modulation of coral immunity in response to a variety of stressors, including immune challenge (Anderson et al, 2016;Burge et al, 2013;Libro et al, 2013;Libro and Vollmer, 2016;Pinzon et al, 2015;Weiss et al, 2013;Wright et al, 2015). Additionally, many studies have described and documented changes in immune proteins associated with the coral response to disease (Couch et al, 2008;Mann et al, 2014;Mydlarz and Harvell, 2007;Mydlarz and Palmer, 2011;Vidal-Dupiol et al, 2011a;Vidal-Dupiol et al, 2011b). However, no studies to our knowledge have used both a genomic and protein-based approach to study coral immune response, resulting in limited understanding of the connections between changes in gene expression and phenotypic response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between transcriptional changes and protein phenotypes provide insights into immune regulation in corals

Fuess

Pinzón

Weil

et al. 2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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Disease outbreaks in marine ecosystems have driven worldwide declines of numerous taxa, including corals. Some corals, such as Orbicella faveolata, are particularly susceptible to disease. To explore the mechanisms contributing to susceptibility, colonies of O. faveolata were exposed to immune challenge with lipopolysaccharides. RNA sequencing and protein activity assays were used to characterize the response of corals to immune challenge. Differential expression analyses identified 17 immune-related transcripts that varied in expression post-immune challenge. Network analyses revealed several groups of transcripts correlated to immune protein activity. Several transcripts, which were annotated as positive regulators of immunity were included in these groups, and some were downregulated following immune challenge. Correlations between expression of these transcripts and protein activity results further supported the role of these transcripts in positive regulation of immunity. The observed pattern of gene expression and protein activity may elucidate the processes contributing to the disease susceptibility of species like O. faveolata.

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“…The facultative parasite of corals, A. sydowii , is involved in this interplay but the details need to be fully worked out in future research (Gleason et al 2017). One preliminary study focused on the effects of temperature on the rate of secretion of protease enzymes produced by the pathogen, A. sydowii , and protease inhibitors secreted by the host, G. ventalina (Mann et al 2014). At elevated temperatures (30°C), protease activity was significantly higher than at ambient temperatures (25°C) in A. sydowii .…”

Section: Effects Of the Environment On Diseases Of Corals And Molluscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of endolithic fungi in bioerosion and disease in marine ecosystems. II. Potential facultatively parasitic anamorphic ascomycetes can cause disease in corals and molluscs

et al. 2017

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Anamorphic ascomycetes have been implicated as causative agents of diseases in tissues and skeletons of hard corals, in tissues of soft corals (sea fans) and in tissues and shells of molluscs. Opportunist marine fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus sydowii, are important components of marine mycoplankton and are ubiquitous in the open oceans, intertidal zones and marine sediments. These fungi can cause infection in or at least can be associated with animals which live in these ecosystems. A. sydowii can produce toxins which inhibit photosynthesis in and the growth of coral zooxanthellae. The prevalence of many documented infections has increased in frequency and severity in recent decades with the changing impacts of physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, acidity and eutrophication. Changes in these factors are thought to cause significant loss of biodiversity in marine ecosystems on a global scale in general, and especially in coral reefs and shallow bays.

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Interplay between proteases and protease inhibitors in the sea fan—Aspergillus pathosystem

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Host-microbe interactions in octocoral holobionts - recent advances and perspectives

Host-microbe interactions in octocoral holobionts - recent advances and perspectives

Associations between transcriptional changes and protein phenotypes provide insights into immune regulation in corals

The roles of endolithic fungi in bioerosion and disease in marine ecosystems. II. Potential facultatively parasitic anamorphic ascomycetes can cause disease in corals and molluscs

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