Interpersonal Spacing in Natural Settings

Baxter, James C.

doi:10.2307/2786318

Cited by 196 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Thus, investigators have studied the effects of differing distances between interactants on affiliative behavior and resultant anxiety. In its role as a dependent variable, ex perimenters have varied factors such as age (d. Aiello & Aiello, 1974;Baxter, 1970;Fry & Willis, 1971), sex (d. Aiello & Aiello, 1974), and race (d. Aiello & Jones, 1971 ;Jones & Aiello, 1973) of partici pants and have studied the resulting choices of interactive distance. Of par ticular interest in the present investigation are the data regarding the relationship between sex of interactants and distance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Aiello

1977

J Nonverbal Behav

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This paper presents a study that examined the relationship between visual interaction and interpersonal distance as it relates to an equilibrium theory of social interaction. Differential boundaries were found to exist for the effect of distance on five highly related male and female visual behaviors, exemplifying different overall equilibrium levels for the sexes. While males looked more as dis tance increased, females looked less after an intermediate distance of 6.5 feet. These data support a modified equilibrium model that posits that eye contact functions to regulate the comfort of an interaction and is also a response to the degree of interaction comfort; further, comfortable interaction distances promote eye contact and, more importantly, uncomfortable distances diminish it. Because women tend to be more oriented toward inclusive relationships, they are more comfortable at closer interaction distances and, hence, look more at these dis tances. At greater distance, however, they are more uncomfortable and, conse quently, look less.The role of visual behavior during social interaction has interest ed man from his earliest days, but only in the past decade have social scientists focused empirical attention on this mode of behavior (for a

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Aiello

1977

J Nonverbal Behav

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“…Statistics provided by the California Department of Corrections (1973) indicate that 32% of the inmates are black, whereas blacks constitute only 11% of the general population (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1972). It may well be that there are racial differences in the social response to crowding as suggested by the studies which examine the differential utility of space by members of differing races and subcultures (e.g., Willis, 1966 ;Baxter, 1970 ;Watson & Graves, 1966;Aiello & Jones , 1971).…”

Section: Methodological Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on crowding in prisons: Methodological problems and ethical concerns

Veno¹,

Peeke²

1974

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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A recent paper by Paulus et al in The Bulletin has suggested that prisons are excellent mileus in which to study social phenomena such as crowding and its effects on behavior. We believe that such a suggestion is fraught with methodological and ethical pitfalls which are not discussed by Paulus et al. We believe that a short discussion of these pitfalls is necessary as a supplement to the Paulus et al paper.

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“…Alongside inter-cultural studies on space usage and interactive distances among citizens, other research compared and examined personal space in various racial and ethnic group settings (Willis 1966, Baxter 1970, Aiello and Jones 1971, Frankel and Barrett 1971, Thompson and Baxter 1973, Scherer 1974. In the majority of this research, comparison was made in the United States between various American ethnic groups such as whites and blacks.…”

Section: Personal Space and The Cultural Racial And Ethnic Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Cross-Cultural Differences in Personal Space: Kurdish and Northern women in Iran

Gharaei

Rafieian

2018

jABs

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This study investigated cross-cultural differences in regard to the size of personal space among two Iranian sub-cultures (Kurdish and Northern women) vis-à-vis strangers. Methodology of research designed on participant observation, stop-distance method and questionnaire. A random size of 100 Kurdish and Northern women was selected in Sanandaj and Sari cities. Moreover, to examine the survey Chi-Square Test and Independent Sample Test were conducted. The results show that Kurdish women require more inter-personal space while walking and sitting than Northern (Mazani) women do. These findings assist environmental designers to represent strategies for achieving privacy in relation to Iranian sub-cultures.

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Interpersonal Spacing in Natural Settings

Cited by 196 publications

References 18 publications

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Research on crowding in prisons: Methodological problems and ethical concerns

Investigating Cross-Cultural Differences in Personal Space: Kurdish and Northern women in Iran

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