Interpersonal contact and acceptance of persons with psychiatric disorders: A research synthesis.

Kolodziej, Monika E.; Johnson, Blair T.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.6.1387

Cited by 116 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Disease-based stigma and prejudice may operate largely through automatic emotional reactions, and familiarity might reduce these reactions, just as desensitization through exposure can reduce evolutionarily based phobias. Accordingly, research suggests that personal contact is one of the most promising approaches to reducing stigma and prejudice associated with mental illness (Kolodziej and Johnson 1996). Whether or not our particular schema of the functions of stigma and prejudice proves useful, we believe efforts to reduce stigma and prejudice will be enhanced by considering why the characteristic is the target of stigma and prejudice.…”

Section: Distinctions and Commonalities In Stigma/prejudice Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigma and prejudice: One animal or two?

Phelan¹,

Link²,

Dovidio

2008

Social Science & Medicine

579

437

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In light of increasing cross-communication and possible coalescence of conceptual models of stigma and prejudice, we reviewed 18 key models in order to explore commonalities and possible distinctions between prejudice and stigma. We arrive at two conclusions. First, the two sets of models have much in common (representing "one animal"); most differences are a matter of focus and emphasis. Second, one important distinction is in the type of human characteristics that are the primary focus of models of prejudice (race) and stigma (deviant behavior and identities, and disease and disabilities). This led us to develop a typology of three functions of stigma and prejudice: exploitation and domination (keeping people down); norm enforcement (keeping people in); and disease avoidance (keeping people away). We argue that attention to these functions will enhance our understanding of stigma and prejudice and our ability to reduce them. Keywords stigma; prejudice; conceptual models; race; disease; disability "Ethnic prejudice is an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group as a whole, or toward an individual because he is a member of that group" (Allport 1954: 9). "Stigma … is the situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance" (Goffman 1963: preface). The stigmatized individual is "reduced in our minds from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one" (Goffman 1963: 3).So are the terms "prejudice" and "stigma" defined by the authors who gave life to eachAllport publishing The Nature of Prejudice in 1954 and Goffman Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity in 1963. Since then, largely separate literatures have developed around the two concepts. However, there is evidence that these literatures have begun to coalesce. Increased attention by prejudice researchers to the targets of prejudice in the 1990s (Crocker and Garcia 2006) brought greater overlap to work on stigma and prejudice. The concepts of stigma, prejudice, and discrimination increasingly are used by the © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Corresponding Author: Dr. Jo Phelan jcp13@columbia.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript same authors in the same texts (e.g., Heatherton et al. 2000;Levin and Van Laar 2006). In 2006, the National Institute of Mental Health brought together prejudice and stigma researchers to address the problem of mental-illness stigma. This special i...

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Section: Distinctions and Commonalities In Stigma/prejudice Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigma and prejudice: One animal or two?

Phelan¹,

Link²,

Dovidio

2008

Social Science & Medicine

579

437

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Arkar & Eker, 1992 No significant differences Callaghan et al, 1997 No significant differences Chinsky & Rappaport, 1970 Inc. favorable, dec. negative traits; less dangerous Cook et al, 1995 More positive attributes Improved attributions Desforges et al, 1991 Improved attitudes Iguchi & Johnson, 1966 Dec. in negative views Kish & Hood, 1974 More positive attitudes Kolodziej & Johnson, 1996 Improved attitudes Shor & Sykes, 2002 No significant differences Stein et al, 1992 More positive attitudes Weller & Grunes, 1988 No significant differences Note. Findings are reported in simplistic terms for ease of tabulation SMI (e.g., they should live with other people as opposed to living in a psychiatric hospital), and indicated they would be more likely to give a person with SMI a job (Vezzoli et al, 2001).…”

Section: Prospective Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, other studies have used the laboratory, presentations, job training, and volunteers as forums for examining the relationship between prospective contact and attitude change. A recent metaanalysis of the literature provided evidence that prospective contact with persons with SMI is associated with improved attitudes (Kolodziej & Johnson, 1996). The authors reviewed studies where contact was evaluated in the context of student or employee training in hospital settings.…”

Section: Prospective Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is suggested that contact works best when both people are seen as having equal status, when contact is intimate (one-on-one), and when people work together in a cooperative rather than competitive manner (Islam & Hewstone, 1993;Kolodziej & Johnson, 1996). In a positive contact situation, people encounter instances of the stigmatized group that are inconsistent with their stereotypes of that group (although not so much that the target person is viewed as the 'exception to the rule').…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature

Couture

Penn

2003

Journal of Mental Health

439

360

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“…This 'contact hypothesis' has been examined in laboratory experiments and naturalistically (Kolodziej & Johnson, 1996). However, most of these empirical studies suffer from lack of a follow-up period.…”

Section: Contactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reported stigma and discrimination by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Rose

Willis

Brohan

et al. 2011

Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci

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Aims. This article examines the extent of stigma and discrimination as reported by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The hypothesis is that when people express in their own words the discrimination they experience such discrimination will be found to be widespread.Methods. Seventy-five people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia from 15 different countries were interviewed with a mixed methods instrument to assess reported discrimination. The data were analysed for frequency counts and then a thematic analysis was performed. A conceptual map is provided.Results. The study was a cross-cultural one but, contrary to expectations, few transnational differences were found. The main hypothesis was supported. Conversely, we found that when participants reported 'positive discrimination', this could as easily be conceptualised as being treated similarly to how others in society would expect to be treated. Conclusion.Negative discrimination is ubiquitous and sometimes connotatively very strong, with reports of humiliation and abuse. 'Positive discrimination' conversely indicates that people with a mental illness diagnosis expect discrimination and are grateful when it does not occur. The literature on self-stigma is discussed and found wanting. Similarly, the theory that contact with mentally ill people reduces stigma and discrimination is not fully supported by our results.

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Interpersonal contact and acceptance of persons with psychiatric disorders: A research synthesis.

Cited by 116 publications

References 58 publications

Stigma and prejudice: One animal or two?

Stigma and prejudice: One animal or two?

Interpersonal contact and the stigma of mental illness: A review of the literature

Reported stigma and discrimination by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia

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