Interpenetrating ionomer–polymer networks obtained by the in situ polymerization in pores of PVdF sponges as potential membranes in PEMFC applications

(Semi-)Interpenetrating polymer networks as fuel cell membranes

“…Only the impregnation-type synthesis has been attempted for the cross-linking of PSSA in the presence of hydrophobic polymers (Fig. 5) such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) [64], poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) [63], PVDF/HFPbased copolymer [65], or poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) [66] (Table 4).…”

“…Recently, the oxidative stability of Nafion ® /fluorinated polyimide network semi-IPNs was studied in Fenton reagent (30 ppm FeSO 4 /30% H 2 O 2 ) at 25 • C [65]. Under these conditions, the semiIPNs remained intact after a 3 month immersion, indicating good radical oxidative stability.…”

Hydrophobic networks for advanced proton conducting membrane: Synthesis, transport properties and chemical stability

“…The interest of material with high rate of fluorinated species has been already evidenced for PEMFC application [13,[17][18][19][38][39][40][41]. Therefore, the permeability characterization was focused on networks containing low amounts of TMPTGE (below 30 wt% TMPTGE) and the permeability coefficients were compared to those reported in the literature for Nafion ® membranes [33,[42][43][44][45].…”

“…Because of difficulties encountered in the association of hydrophilic and hydrophobic networks, only few examples of fluoropolymer-based semi-IPNs, in which one of the two networks is not cross-linked, have been reported for fuel cell membrane application. They can be classified in four groups depending on the used polyelectrolyte: Nafion ® , PSSA (polystyrene sulfonic acid), PAMPS (poly (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) and sulfonated polyimide [12,[16][17][18]. In a previous work, we described synthesis and characterization of a first IPN PEMFC membrane combining a polyelectrolyte network with a neutral fluorinated network.…”

Proton conductive membranes based on poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol) Semi-IPN

“…From these basic polymers, aciddoped membranes are obtained (usually with H 3 PO 4 ), in which the proton transport depends on the acid concentration in the system [9] . The use of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN) as a polymeric membrane have been proposed and described in the literature, due to the possibility of free volume control associated with mechanical, thermal and chemical stability, usually exhibited by these systems [10] , although few studies have been reported. In 2011, Chikh and co workers published a review describing the application of Semiinterpenetrating Polymer Networks (SIPN) as polymeric membranes [7] .…”