“…It has been described as an individual's uncontrollable and compulsive use of the Internet, which negatively affects academic and job performances, reduces sleep and hygiene quality, and leads to reduced interpersonal social relationships (Lyvers, Karantonis, Edwards, & Thorberg, 2016;Sahraian, Hedayati, Mani, & Hedayati, 2016;Young, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015). Furthermore, the conceptual model of Internet addiction incorporates tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, salience, conflict and mood modification as the core criteria for symptoms of addictive behavior (McNicol & Thorsteinsson, 2017). On the basis of the current literature, the conceptualization of Internet addiction has been identified as an umbrella term, which includes a wide range of problematic online behavior (e.g., online gaming, online gambling, online sex, and social networking) and is characterized by extreme preoccupation with connecting to the Internet, with poor behavior control of online activities resulting in a negative impact on personal well-being and quality of life (Monacis, Sinatra, Griffiths, & de Palo, 2018).…”