Internationalization of Australian business in the Asia‐Pacific region: Issues and prospects

Abstract

The phenomenal economic growth of the Asia‐Pacific region initially was driven by export‐oriented industrialization and more recently by intraregional trade. This provided the backdrop for the present study that examined the pattern, motivations, strategies, problems, issues, and prospects of Australian businesses and direct investments in this region. The study concluded that although an extensive trade relationship has been fostered between Australia and the Asia‐Pacific, this has not been translated into direct investments. Key impediments seem to be attitudinal, because of cultural and language differences, and the lack of international competitiveness. These problems are only beginning to be recognized. An agenda for action is suggested at the Government, industry, and company levels. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Brazilian emerging multinationals: A conduit for export of technology

“…Indigenous technology breakthroughs (Bell, 1984; Copley, 1990; Dahlman and Cortez, 1984, Dahlman and Sercovich, 1985; Katz, 1987, Lall, 1983 La11 and Mohamed, 1983; Mokiewicz, 1986; Vernon, 1981) Special asset (Bell, 1984;Dalhman and Sercovich, 1985; Dim-Alejandro, 1977; Dunning, 1993; Lecraw, 1993; Li, 1994b) Appropriateness of process and product technologies to overseas markets (Dahlman and Fonseca, 1987; Lall, 1990; Loureiro and Santos, 1991; Schmitz and Cassiolato, 1992; Sim and Teoph, 1994; Villela, 1983) Natural development of a firm's growth strategy, pecking order stage in the product life cycle of some technologies (Wells, 1983) Lower operational cost sites (Sim and Teoph, 1994; Li, 1994a) Economies of scale (Aggarwal and Agmon, 1990;Erramilli and Rao, 1990) Cultural and ethnic ties (Lecraw, 1993;Li, 1994b; Villela, 1983)…”

“…Size limitation and growth potential of domestic market (Ablin, 1985;Caves, 1982; Incentives from international agencies (Li, 1994b;Villela, 1983) Home government policies inducing export of embodied and disembodied technolo-Regional economic integration (Loureiro and Santos, 1991; Sim and Teoph, 1994) Exchange rate controls, avoidance of tax burdens, and labor legislation (Aggarwal and Agmon, 1990; Erramilli and Rao, 1990; Lecraw, 1993; Li, 1994; Monkiewicz, 1986) Papadopoulos, 1993; Root, 1987) gies (Villela, 1983) distinctive and common element: indigenous technology developments. All the examples listed indicate that these companies developed firm-specific assets related to their indigenous technological efforts.…”

The Determining Factors of Western Australia’s (WA) Foreign Investment in China

“…The recent trade tension with Beijing (Stern Hu) in terms of the failed Rio Tinto acquisition (Bartholomeusz, 2010) and the general recommendation of the Australian foreign investment review board that limits the stake in Australian natural resources companies, highlights restrictions on capital flows across borders. A further issue is that most of the existing research (Edington, 1990;Laurenceson, 2007;Sim and Teoh, 1994;Yang, Groenewold and Tcha, 2000) in terms of Australian-Chinese investment in financial assets, focuses on the understanding of the determinants of inwards FDI to Australia. Moreover, studies on the determinants of flow of FDI to China have been based on the USA and Japanese investment (Beamish, 1993;Pan, 1994;Xiao and Zhao, 2009).…”

“…Moreover, studies on the determinants of flow of FDI to China have been based on the USA and Japanese investment (Beamish, 1993;Pan, 1994;Xiao and Zhao, 2009). Clearly, the literature that investigates the determining factors of Australian foreign investment is restricted (Fittock and Edwards, 1998;Sim and Teoh, 1994), and examining what elements drive or deter Australian companies from undertaking FDI in China is relatively narrow, and is often undertaken using secondary data. In view of this knowledge gap, greater understanding of the determinants of Australian foreign investment in the Chinese marketplace is warranted.…”