International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: Classification of Prostanoid Receptors, Updating 15 Years of Progress

Castor oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating prostaglandin EP 3 receptors

“…Expression of EP 3 receptors has been reported in the intestine as well as in the uterus, the major sites of ricinoleic acid effects (29). In the mammalian intestine, EP 3 receptors have been shown to be expressed in epithelial cells, enteric ganglia cells, immune cells, as well as in longitudinal but not circular smoothmuscle layers (22,(29)(30)(31).…”

“…In the mammalian intestine, EP 3 receptors have been shown to be expressed in epithelial cells, enteric ganglia cells, immune cells, as well as in longitudinal but not circular smoothmuscle layers (22,(29)(30)(31). Using EP 3 receptor-deficient mice that express β-galactosidase instead of EP 3 (25), we could verify expression of EP 3 in some epithelial cells, as well as in the longitudinal smooth-muscle layer of the intestine (Fig.…”

Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene by Wilms’ Tumour (WT)

“…The prostanoid TXA 2 plays a central role in haemostasis and is widely implicated in a range of cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary and prostate diseases (1)(2)(3)5). In humans, TXA 2 signals 2 From references (9, 60, 61).…”

“…It also induces the constriction of various other types of smooth muscle (SM), including pulmonary, renal and prostate SM, and promotes vascular remodelling in response to endothelial injury contributing to neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis post-stenting (2)(3)(4). Accordingly, imbalances in the levels of TXA 2 or of its synthase (TXS) or of its receptor, the T prostanoid receptor (or, in short, the TP), are widely implicated in several cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and prostate pathologies (1)(2)(3)5). In humans and in other primates, the TP exists as two structurally related isoforms referred to as TPα and TPβ, which are identical for their N-terminal 328 amino acid residues but which differ exclusively in their intracellular C-terminal domains (6).…”

“…Thromboxane (TX)A 2 , a prostanoid synthesized from arachidonic acid by the sequential enzymatic actions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/-2 and TXA synthase (TXS) predominantly in platelets and in monocytes/activated macrophages, plays an essential role in haemostasis regulating platelet aggregation and vascular tone (1). It also induces the constriction of various other types of smooth muscle (SM), including pulmonary, renal and prostate SM, and promotes vascular remodelling in response to endothelial injury contributing to neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis post-stenting (2)(3)(4).…”