International trade shapes global mercury–related health impacts

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) is a strong neurotoxin with substantial dangers to human health. Hg undergoes active global cycles, and the emission sources there of can also be geographically relocated through economic trade. Through investigation of a longer chain of the global biogeochemical Hg cycle from economic production to human health, international cooperation on Hg control strategies in Minamata Convention can be facilitated. In the present study, four global models are combined to investigate the effect of international trade on the relocation of Hg emissions, pollution, exposure, and related human health impacts across the world. The results show that 47% of global Hg emissions are related to commodities consumed outside of the countries where the emissions are produced, which has largely influenced the environmental Hg levels and human exposure thereto across the world. Consequently, international trade is found to enable the whole world to avoid 5.7 × 105 points for intelligence quotient (IQ) decline and 1,197 deaths from fatal heart attacks, saving a total of $12.5 billion (2020 USD) in economic loss. Regionally, international trade exacerbates Hg challenges in less developed countries, while resulting in an alleviation in developed countries. The change in economic loss therefore varies from the United States (−$4.0 billion) and Japan (−$2.4 billion) to China (+$2.7 billion). The present results reveal that international trade is a critical factor but might be largely overlooked in global Hg pollution mitigation.

Indonesia’s Legal Measures in Combating Illegal Mercury Trade: Post-Minamata Convention Efforts

“…On the one hand, international trade in general (non-mercury products) can still contribute to various types of mercury waste, for example, through food processing, transportation, and product storage. As an international legal instrument, the Minamata Convention on Mercury provides a framework for cooperation between member countries in the handling and control of mercury, including illegal trade [6]. However, its effective enforcement depends on the commitment and ability of member states to implement and comply with its provisions.…”

“…Prevention and limitation through various regulations are considered as the only strategy that can prevent the further damage caused by mercury waste. [6] One of the series of activities that contribute to mercury pollution is the illegal international trade in mercury. A comparison of law enforcement efforts is needed as a strategic study to reduce the damage that can be caused by these illegal activities.…”