“…4 -12 Specifically, it has been recognized that intense neutrinos interact with the background plasma electrons due to the driving force of the neutrinos. Thus, strong electric fields and plasma waves 4,7,8,10,11 are produced on account of the charge separation in dense plasmas. Neutrino driven plasma waves ͑Langmuir and ion-sound waves͒ undergo Landau damping, thereby reducing the neutrino energies, and allowing the neutrinos to escape more easily from the core of the supernova.…”