International standardization and organizations in the field of tribology

Abstract

Wide tribology concept through the knowledge interaction from physics, chemistry and various engineering disciplines, has put tribology in a group with interdisciplinary sciences. This work gives information about the international standardization in the field of tribology, International Tribology Council, whose members consist of 36 national tribology society and associations from 34 countries worldwide and an overview of other international and regional organizations and institutions. Analysis of ISO, IEC and EN standards in various fields related to tribology and a view of the structure of most significant ISO Technical Committees related to standardization in tribology fields are presented.

Forward and Inverse Dynamics of a Unicycle-Like Mobile Robot

“…Underactuated mechanical systems are dynamical systems in which the number of control actuators is lower than the number of degrees of freedom. Moreover, nonholonomic dynamical systems are mechanical systems in which the constraint equations are of holonomic as well as nonholonomic nature, namely, they involve the complete set of generalized coordinates and their first and second time derivatives [49][50][51][52]. Thus, underactuated nonholonomic nonlinear mechanical systems represent a broad class of dynamical systems that are particularly challenging to analyze and control.…”

Wear Metal Analysis of Oils

“…Wearing causes significant expenses to industry. There are evaluations that expenses due to friction and wear amount up to several billion euros annually in different countries (1). Evaluations have been carried out in USA, England and Germany, and the estimate was that expenses range between two to seven percent of the gross national product (GNP) (1).…”

“…There are evaluations that expenses due to friction and wear amount up to several billion euros annually in different countries (1). Evaluations have been carried out in USA, England and Germany, and the estimate was that expenses range between two to seven percent of the gross national product (GNP) (1). These expenses are calculated to be as high as 2.7 billion euros a year in Finland only, nearly one third of which could be saved by applying the latest tribological knowledge (2).…”

On the Evaluation of Errors in the Virtual Design of Mechanical Systems

“…In both FFRF and ANCF, an important problem is the integration of Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems and multibody solution procedures (MBS) used for modeling and analyzing complex three-dimensional shapes [33][34][35]. This problem is particularly important when a mechanical model having complex geometry is used as a mathematical tool for developing advanced nonlinear control strategies of machines, mechanisms, structures, and vehicles modeled within the computational framework of multibody system dynamics [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. In order to address the problem in case of complex systems, several design methods are available in the literature [43][44][45][46][47].…”