International safety assessment of pesticides: Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ETU, and PTU?A review and update

Vettorazzi, Gaston; Almeida, Waldemar F.; Burin, G.J.; Jaeger, Robert B.; Puga, F.R.; Rahde, Alberto Furtado; Reyes, Felix G. R.; Schvartsman, S

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6866(1996)15:6<313::aid-tcm7>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting antithyroidal activity of ETU in amphibian tadpoles. It has been classified as a goitrogenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic environmental contaminant [55]. It has been classified as a goitrogenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic environmental contaminant [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Description and initial evaluation of a Xenopus metamorphosis assay for detection of thyroid system‐disrupting activities of environmental compounds

Opitz

Braunbeck

Bögi³

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

106

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A need is recognized for the development and evaluation of bioassays for detection of thyroid system-disrupting compounds. The issue of testing for thyroid disruption can be addressed by exploiting amphibian metamorphosis as a biological model. In the present study, a test protocol for a Xenopus metamorphosis assay (XEMA) was developed and its interlaboratory transferability was evaluated in an informal ring test with six laboratories participating. In the XEMA test, exposure of Xenopus laevis tadpoles was initiated at stages 48 to 50 and continued for 28 d. Development and growth of tadpoles were assessed by means of developmental stage and whole body length determinations, respectively. For initial test protocol evaluation, thyroxine (T4), and propylthiouracil (PTU) were used as positive controls for thyroid system-modulating activity, and ethylenethiourea (ETU) was used as a test compound. Exposure of tadpoles to 1 microg/L T4 produced a significant acceleration of metamorphosis whereas PTU concentrations of 75 and 100 mg/L completely inhibited metamorphosis. Five different ETU concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) were tested and a concentration-dependent inhibition of metamorphosis was observed. None of the compounds affected tadpole survival, and only PTU caused a slight retardation in tadpole growth. This study demonstrates that the XEMA test provides a sensitive, robust, and practical testing approach for detection of compounds with both agonistic and antagonistic effects on the thyroid system in Xenopus tadpoles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ethylenethiourea is a common metabolite, breakdown product, and contaminant of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides [54]. It has been classified as a goitrogenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic environmental contaminant [55]. A main target organ of ETU is the thyroid gland [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description and initial evaluation of a Xenopus metamorphosis assay for detection of thyroid system‐disrupting activities of environmental compounds

Opitz

Braunbeck

Bögi³

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

106

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“…Mancozeb, a member of the ethylene bisdithiocarbamate fungicide group, is weakly mutagenic but is a significant thyroid carcinogen in animals (41,42) and affects thyroid function in humans (43). Studies at the germ cell level, including the recessive lethal test in Drosophila, were negative (44,45).…”

Section: Sex and Sex Ratio Of Children Born To Applicator Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA.

Garry

Harkins

Erickson

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

200

119

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We previously demonstrated that the frequency of birth defects among children of residents of the Red River Valley (RRV), Minnesota, USA, was significantly higher than in other major agricultural regions of the state during the years 1989-1991, with children born to male pesticide applicators having the highest risk. The present, smaller cross-sectional study of 695 families and 1,532 children, conducted during 1997-1998, provides a more detailed examination of reproductive health outcomes in farm families ascertained from parent-reported birth defects. In the present study, in the first year of life, the birth defect rate was 31.3 births per 1,000, with 83% of the total reported birth defects confirmed by medical records. Inclusion of children identified with birth or developmental disorders within the first 3 years of life and later led to a rate of 47.0 per 1,000 (72 children from 1,532 live births). Conceptions in spring resulted in significantly more children with birth defects than found in any other season (7.6 vs. 3.7%). Twelve families had more than one child with a birth defect (n = 28 children). Forty-two percent of the children from families with recurrent birth defects were conceived in spring, a significantly higher rate than that for any other season. Three families in the kinships defined contributed a first-degree relative other than a sibling with the same or similar birth defect, consistent with a Mendelian inheritance pattern. The remaining nine families did not follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern. The sex ratio of children with birth defects born to applicator families shows a male predominance (1.75 to 1) across specific pesticide class use and exposure categories exclusive of fungicides. In the fungicide exposure category, normal female births significantly exceed male births (1.25 to 1). Similarly, the proportion of male to female children with birth defects is significantly lower (0.57 to 1; p = 0.02). Adverse neurologic and neurobehavioral developmental effects clustered among the children born to applicators of the fumigant phosphine (odds ratio [OR] = 2.48; confidence interval [CI], 1.2-5.1). Use of the herbicide glyphosate yielded an OR of 3.6 (CI, 1.3-9.6) in the neurobehavioral category. Finally, these studies point out that (a) herbicides applied in the spring may be a factor in the birth defects observed and (b) fungicides can be a significant factor in the determination of sex of the children of the families of the RRV. Thus, two distinct classes of pesticides seem to have adverse effects on different reproductive outcomes. Biologically based confirmatory studies are needed.

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“…The resulting symptoms are convulsions, slurred speech, confusion, slowed heartbeat etc. Mancozeb is reported to be an established carcinogen (FAO/WHO 1993, Vettorazzi et al 1995, Liu et al 2016. Mancozeb is reported to cause teratogenic, carcinogenic and goitrogenic effects on mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mancozeb on Mustard (Brassica juncea L.): An In-vitro study

Kidwai¹

2017

Trop. Plant Res.

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Abstract:Pesticides are extensively used all over the globe for the control of pest population responsible for reduction in yield and among them fungicides are the specifically used to control fungal plant pathogens. An In-vitro plant study was conducted to assess the effect of Mancozeb on early growth parameters on two Mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties i.e. RH-30 and Laxmi. Mancozeb (75% WP) is a widely applied contact fungicide for control of various diseases but several toxicity issues are associated with Mancozeb. Mustard is one of the most important oil yielding crops and is majorly used for various purposes such as medicinal uses, condiment and industrial uses. In the experiment three different doses of Mancozeb (75% WP) i.e. 1 mg.

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International safety assessment of pesticides: Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ETU, and PTU?A review and update

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

Description and initial evaluation of a Xenopus metamorphosis assay for detection of thyroid system‐disrupting activities of environmental compounds

Description and initial evaluation of a Xenopus metamorphosis assay for detection of thyroid system‐disrupting activities of environmental compounds

Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA.

Effect of Mancozeb on Mustard (Brassica juncea L.): An In-vitro study

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