International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009

Abstract

Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection, we collected prospective data from 155,358 patients hospitalized in the consortium's hospital ICUs for an aggregate of 923,624 days. Although device utilization in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported from US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were markedly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infections (BSI) in the INICC ICUs, 7.6 per 1000 CVC-days, is nearly 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1000 CVC-days reported from comparable US ICUs, and the overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was also far higher, 13.6 versus 3.3 per 1000 ventilator-days, respectively, as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), 6.3 versus 3.3 per 1000 catheter-days, respectively. Most strikingly, the frequencies of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (MRSA) (84.1% vs 56.8%, respectively), Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftazidime or ceftriaxone (76.1% vs 27.1%, respectively), Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem (46.3% vs 29.2%, respectively), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to piperacillin (78.0% vs 20.2%, respectively) were also far higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 23.6% (CVC-associated bloodstream infections) to 29.3% (VAP).

Device-associated infections rates in pediatrics and neonatal intensive care units in El Salvador: Findings of the INICC

“…This is the first study presenting DA-HAI rates in ICUs in El Salvador. The PICU CLA-BSI rate was 10.1 (95% CI 7.8 -12.8) per 1,000 central line days in this study, which is higher than the INICC reported rate (7.8 per 1,000 central line days [95% CI 7.1 -8.5]), [6] and higher than the NHSN reported rate of 3.1 (95% CI 2.5 -3.8) [1]. The NICU CLA-BSI rate was 9.9 (95% CI 8.4 -11.6) per 1,000 central line days in this study, which is lower than the INICC reported rate (13.9 per 1,000 central line days [95% CI 12.4 -15.6]) [6] but higher than the NHSN reported rate of 2.9 (95% CI 2.8 -3.0) [1].…”

“…Discussion DA-HAIs have been a serious cause of patient attributable mortality in developing countries [6] and have also been a factor of the increase in health care costs [11]. This is the first study presenting DA-HAI rates in ICUs in El Salvador.…”

“…Most of the studies on ICU-acquired infections have been conducted in industrialized countries [5]. Few published studies report data on DA-HAI rates using the standardized definitions for developing countries [6].…”

“…The INICC was founded in 1998 when selected hospitals from Latin America were invited to participate in a project measuring DA-HAIs using standardized definitions and methodology [7] Today, the INICC comprises a network of approximately 400 ICUs from 40 countries of Latin America, Asia, Africa and Europe [6].…”

Extraction of Eucalyptus Oil as Reduction of Bacterial Growth in Drinking Water

“…Eucalyptuses are available in almost all part of the world and in literature Eucalyptus are used as adsorbent or wastewater treatment material. Even for heavy metal ion up to toxic material [29]. In this regard's some alternatively and low cost treatment is try to introduce for treatment of drinking water.…”