International Norms and Domestic Practices in Regard to ILO Convention No. 169 ‐ with Special Reference to Articles 1 and 13‐19

Abstract

International organizations are considered to be central actors on the stage of world politics. They are not simply passive collections of rules or structures through which others act. Rather, they are considered to be active agents of global change. International organizations are often the actors to whom we defer when it comes to defining meanings, norms of good behaviour, the nature of social actors, and categories of legitimate social action in the world. The article has an interdisciplinary approach to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and its Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent countries. The approaches of international relations and international law helps explain the power the ILO exercises in national and world politics. These insights are illustrated by exploring why state agents comply with norms promoted by the regime of ILO Convention No. 169. The article briefly introduces the historical approach of the ILO to indigenous issues and the complexity related to the concept of indigenousness; the highly relevant debate when states are considering the ratification of the Convention and even when implementing it. The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR) in the ILO structure is the most central body guiding the States to normative and political changes in their domestic practices. It is argued that the Committee is using its authority and power through the normative regime and its supervisory mechanisms, and therefore is also interpreting the Convention. The system as a whole has effects on traditional state sovereignty and the demands of indigenous peoples' right to self-determination. The research questions focuses also on the compliance, implementation and effectiveness of international Conventions. The article has a Nordic approach with comparison to different approaches related to Article 1 dealing with the subjects/objects of the Convention and also different land right situations (Articles 13-19) especially in Latin America.

Indigenous people’s education, career aspirations, career choice and challenges among senior high school students in rural communities in Palawan

“…Based on the findings, the following conclusions: (1) Most of the parent respondents were aged 39-44, female, high school level, farming was the primary occupation, earned below 1,000, Palawan, with 3-4 number of children and cash conditional recipient; (2) Majority of the learner respondents were aged 18-19 years old, female, grade 12 students, enrolled in Technical Vocational and Livelihood, Palawan, 1st child, and travelled more than 5 kilometers distance of home to school; (3) Parents' aspirations for their children are to finish their study and to find a stable job for them to help their family and the same response with the learner respondents for their career aspiration; (4) Parents and learners were having a mutual understanding about the career choice of the learners; (5) There is no significant relationship between the parent's profile and the career choices of the learners; (6) There is no significant relationship between parent-respondents profile and career aspirations of the learners except in parents age; (7) There is no significant relationship between learner-respondents profile and their career aspirations except in age, sex and track profile; (8) There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the parents and the educational challenges except in parents' occupation, cash conditional transfer recipient and number of children; (9) There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the learners and the educational challenges except in distance from school, birth order and sex; (10) There is significant difference between career aspirations among learners and their parents while there is no significant difference between the career choice among indigenous learners and their parents and educational challenges among learners and parents.…”

Adapt or Die? The Biopolitics of Indigeneity—From the Civilising Mission to the Need for Adaptation

“…169, an outcome of international politics, sets certain criteria for indigeneity and has thereby sparked a debate over which groups are entitled to the status of an indigenous people. 76 We argue that, in politics, there is a cumulative process of seeing indigeneity through a certain prism. For indigenous peoples, this means performing their indigeneity and appearing in the ways valorised by this prism instead of emphasising features grounded in something other than relations between the indigenous peoples and others.…”