International Law and State Transformation in China, Siam, and the Ottoman Empire during the Nineteenth Century

Horowitz, Richard

doi:10.1353/jwh.2005.0126

Cited by 100 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The Ottoman Empire, Siam and Japan established their own Red Cross societies (with Constantinople eventually replacing the cross with a crescent), as part of a general wave of reforms aimed at presenting themselves as equals to Western nations. These states faced considerable threats of coercion and domination by the West, and thus struggled to assert their independence and equal worthiness in the ‘civilized’ family of nations (Horowitz, ). ICRC members were initially incredulous, but were surprised to find that the Japanese emissaries to Geneva ‘could not be more charitable, even at the era of enlightened men, who observed the committee's efforts sympathetically’ (CICR, : 13).…”

Section: Humanitarianism Between Patriotism and Transnationalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

For good and country: nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century

Dromi¹

2016

The Sociological Review Monographs

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Despite the growing interest in transnational fields and their influence on national‐level dynamics, existing literature has not yet addressed the processes involved in creating such fields in the first place. This article provides insight into the complexities involved in national–transnational interactions amidst national and transnational field formation. It examines the nascent transnational humanitarian field of the late nineteenth century through the work of the emerging Red Cross Movement in the 1860s–1890s, drawing primarily on the archive of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The findings show that National Red Cross (NRC) societies employed a discourse drawn from a transnational cultural arena in order to gain central positioning in their national fields and to convince other parties of their necessity. Conversely, NRCs used nationalism as a form of symbolic capital in establishing themselves in their national fields, seemingly at odds with their cosmopolitan aspirations. Thus, by contrast to the ideal‐typical representation of global humanitarianism as non‐national, these findings suggest that nationalism and impartial humanitarianism are historically intertwined. More broadly, the article argues that national‐level field dynamics as well as nationalism play important roles in the creation of transnational fields, even when field actors present themselves as acting for universal causes.

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Section: Humanitarianism Between Patriotism and Transnationalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

For good and country: nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century

Dromi¹

2016

The Sociological Review Monographs

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“…In Egypt, the United Kingdom and France initiated in 1876 a stewardship of the public finances that should be considered as a joint form of colonization , even before the country was militarily occupied in 1882. The Ottoman Empire is widely considered as historicall y non-colonized, although it lost considerable sovereignty through the gradual extension of the "capitulations" system , the Anglo-Ottoman commercial treaty of Balta Liman in 1838, and, from 1881 on, through the foreign-run Public Debts Administration; this body controlled major portions of Ottoman revenue , thereby constitutin g "an enormous incursion on Ottoman sovereignt y" (Horowitz 2004 ). A similar strateg y was followed by the British in the case of Persia.…”

Section: Measuring the Length Of Colonial Dominationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Colonialism: A Research Survey

Ziltener

Künzler

2013

JWSR

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The impacts of colonialism in Africa and Asia have never been compared in a systematic manner for a large sample of countries. This research survey presents the results of a new and thorough assessment of the highly diverse phenomenon -including length of domination , violence, partition, proselytization, instrumentalization of ethno-linguistic and religious cleavages, trade, direct investment, settlements, plantations, and migrationorganized through a dimensional analysis (political, social, and economic impacts). It is shown that while in some areas, colonial domination has triggered profound changes in economy and social structure, others have remained almost untouched.Keywords: Colonialism, political, economic and social impact s, Africa, AsiaThere is a stron g tradition of empirical-quantitativ e re search from a world systemsper spective (see, among other s, Bomschier and Chase-Dunn 1985). This research, howev er, has until recently been confined to indir ect mea suring of hi storicall y earlier factors, although it stresses theoreticall y the importance of long-term historical factors. According to Sanderson, world-systems analys is "tends to ignore the pre capitalist history of these societies [ ... ] this history often turns out to be of critical importance in conditioning the way in which any given society will be incorporat ed into the capitali st syst em and the effects of that incorporation" (Sanderson 2005: 188). For Kerbo (2005a: 430), scholarship has "yet to consider that East and Southeast Asian countries more generall y are somehow different from Latin American and African nations when it comes to important aspects of political economy that might interact with the affects of outside multin ational corporate investment. " In this regard, the article by Lenski and Nolan (1984) had opened up a new avenue of research: the lon g-term effects of social-evolutionary development levels on th e modem /postcolonial econom y and society. This re search, how ever, suffered from a rather small sample and a rudimentary classification of countries into two categories of "industrializing horticultural" and "agr icultural. "

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“…In the cases of China, Siam, and the Ottoman empires, for example, European powers imposed unequal treaties and justified their expansion in language tinged with claims of bringing civilization to the supposedly non-civilized east. 43 By contrast, imperialist nations such as Britain 'avoided political interference in South American affairs'. Rather than imposing European notions of business and government on Latin American nations, 'the Europeans themselves often had to adapt to the shape of local institutions'.…”

Section: The New Imperialismmentioning

confidence: 99%

19th Century Latin America Imperialism from a Global Perspective

Powelson

2011

History Compass

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19th century Latin America was subjected to imperialist aggression from both the European nations and the United States. The form of imperialism, however, changed over the course of the century, with the ‘traditional’ imperialism of the colonial period giving way to the ‘gentlemanly’ imperialism of the early to mid‐19th century. By the century’s end, a ‘new’ imperialism emerged noted for its association with the growing world capitalist economy, especially the need for the capitalist nations of Europe and the United States to acquire new markets for their goods, cheaper sources of labor, and greater access to raw materials.

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International Law and State Transformation in China, Siam, and the Ottoman Empire during the Nineteenth Century

Cited by 100 publications

References 56 publications

For good and country: nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century

For good and country: nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century

Impacts of Colonialism: A Research Survey

19th Century Latin America Imperialism from a Global Perspective

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