International journal of the environment

doi:10.1016/0390-5519(77)90077-1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1,212 publications

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“…PCBs were widely used in transformers as a cooling liquid, in capacitors as dielectric fluids, and in other industrial applications (Vallack et al, 1998). Given that old transformers with PCBcontaminated oil, which were manufactured before 1990, are still used in Nepal Khatri Chhetri and Devkota, 2015), the PCB-contaminated industrial waste is the likely source of PCBs in Kathmandu .…”

Section: Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas of Nepal: spatial variation, sources, temporal trends, and long-range transport potential

et al. 2018

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Abstract. The study of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in low-latitude tropical and subtropical urban cities is necessary to assess their local and global impacts on ecosystems and human health. Despite studies on levels of POPs in water, soils, and sediments, analysis of the distribution patterns, seasonality, and sources of POPs in urban regions of Nepal remain limited. Polyurethane foam (PUF)-based passive air samplers were deployed in three major cities in Nepal: Kathmandu (the capital city), Pokhara, and Hetauda (agricultural cities). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were the dominant organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere at all sites. The average concentrations of POPs were DDTs, 8.7-1.0 × 10 3 pg m −3 ; HCHs, 5.3-3.3 × 10 3 pg m −3 ; HCB, 5.8-3.4 × 10 2 pg m −3 ; endosulfan, BDL-51 pg m −3 ; and 6 PCBs, 1.4-47 pg m −3 . Isomer and metabolite ratio analyses suggested that the concentrations present were from both new and historical applications of the POPs. Vegetable production sites and their market places appeared to be the major DDT and HCH source areas. Higher atmospheric concentrations of DDT and HCH occurred during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, and winter, respectively, closely associated with their local application for soil preparation and vegetable spraying. The estimated travel distances of the POPs (HCB, α-HCH, γ -HCH, and p, p -DDT) under the Nepalese tropical climate were all above 1000 km, suggesting that high precipitation levels in the tropical climate were not enough to scavenge the POPs and that Nepal could be an important source region for POPs. Due to their close proximity and cold trapping (driven by low temperatures), the high Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau are likely the key receptors of POPs emitted in Nepal. These results add to the information available on POPs from tropical developing countries.

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Section: Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas of Nepal: spatial variation, sources, temporal trends, and long-range transport potential

et al. 2018

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“…To determine the clean water headloss in a granular-medium filter, two common methods were used, the Carman Kozeny [15] and Rose [16] equations. The variables that are involved in headloss calculation are the coefficients of drag, grain sizes, friction factor, acceleration due to gravity, depth of filter bed, granular porosity, granular shape factor, fraction of particles within the adjacent sieve sizes, superficial filtration velocity, and water density.…”

Section: Depth Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Graphical Interface Simulator of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Design Process for Teaching, Learning, and Assessment

Albani

Ibrahim

2019

Designs

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This paper presents the concept of check and balance approach in teachıng, learning and assessment processes with the development of a graphical interface tool to solve an advanced wastewater treatment design problem. The developed graphical interface improves the quality of teaching, learning, and the assessment of both, understanding the calculation approaches, as well as understanding the concepts. The tool acts as a calculator or a simulator of a unit converter, population equivalent, designing sewerage systems and selected unit processes of advanced wastewater treatment. A close-ended survey assessment was conducted with a total of 49 respondents who were the registered students for the subject of advanced wastewater treatment. About 79% of respondents agreed that it was hard to score a high mark in the advanced wastewater treatment exam. However, 100% of respondents agreed that the tool could help them to accelerate their understanding of the subject topic. All things considered, the findings of this study show that the developed tool is a potential tool that can aid in the teaching, learning, and assessment processes of any difficult subject that is taught in higher-learning institutions.

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“…PCBs were widely used in transformers as a cooling liquid, in capacitors as dielectric fluids, and in other industrial applications (Vallack et al, 1998). Given that old transformers with PCBcontaminated oil, which were manufactured before 1990, are still used in Nepal (Kattel and Devkota, 2014;Khatri Chhetri and Devkota, 2015), the PCB-contaminated industrial waste is the likely source of PCBs in Kathmandu (Li et al, 2013).…”

Section: Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

response

Wang¹

2017

Preprint

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For RC1 We appreciate the reviewers' comments, which surely improve our manuscript. According to reviewer's comments, the point-by-point responses to each of the comments are provided below. A 'track change' version of the manuscript is also attached.Comment 1 Although the authors do a good job at explaining how site specific sampling rates are determined using Depuration Compounds, there is no information on C1 ACPD Interactive commentPrinter-friendly version Discussion paper

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International journal of the environment

Cited by 3 publications

References 1,212 publications

Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas of Nepal: spatial variation, sources, temporal trends, and long-range transport potential

Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas of Nepal: spatial variation, sources, temporal trends, and long-range transport potential

Development of Graphical Interface Simulator of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Design Process for Teaching, Learning, and Assessment

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