“…1 Simulationbased education (SBE) has been implemented in several national vascular surgery curricula to ensure a standardized acquisition of skills in endovascular peripheral arterial procedures. 2,3 In this setting, SBE has been shown to increase technical skills of the trainee, although proof of skills transferability into, for example, fewer complications and errors and shorter procedure times are scarce. 3,4 To conduct such studies during real-time surgical procedures without supervisor take-over would, of course, be unethical, underlining the need for alternative measures to evaluate SBE effects during surgery.…”