International Expansion Through Start-Up or Acquisition: A Learning Perspective.

Restructuring retailing in Korea: the case of Samsung-Tesco

“…There are a limited number of studies that take a holistic approach to measuring the international activity of a wider range of companies in retailing (Dawson 2000). A number of studies suggest that companies prefer low risk entry strategies and favour markets that are geographically and culturally proximate to their home market (see Anderson and Gatignon 1986, Kogut and Singh 1988, Welch and Welch 1996, Barkema and Vermeulen 1998. However, a study by Howard (2000) focusing on European retailers approach to Asian markets emphasizes the attractions of entering markets, such as South Korea, which are seeing more rapid economic growth than those in Europe, despite the cultural and geographical distance from home markets.…”

Cross-national distance and insidership within networks: Japanese MNCs' ownership strategies in their overseas subsidiaries

“…According to this stream of literature, greater differences in cultures prompt MNCs to exert greater control in their entries so that they can minimize transaction costs (Hennart and Reddy 1997). Another stream explains ownership decisions by the risk-reduction rationale of MNC managersgreater cultural distance is associated with entry modes based on lower percentages of equity ownership (Barkema and Vermeulen 1998). Tihanyi, Griffith, and Russell (2005) conducted a meta-analysis with 66 independent samples and found that cultural distance does not significantly ( p ¼ 0.416) contribute to the prediction of ownership.…”

The Choice of Foreign-Market Investment Modes: An Empirical Analysis Using Transaction-Cost and Organizational Learning Frameworks

“…15;2012 international subsidiary network of parent firm (Gomes-Casseres, 1987;Luo, 2001). Consequently, a foreign firm may not be interested in hybrid forms in which the benefits are shared with other (local) partner (Barkema and Vermeulen, 1998). In his recent empirical study on the IJV population in Vietnam, Phan (2012) observes also that the more experienced the foreign partner in the host country, the more likely the foreign parent internalize IJV by transforming it into WOS.…”