SOVEREIGNTI-MODERN: A NEW APPROACH TO AN OUTDATED CONCEPT 783 them. 2 However, important questions arise in connection with many treaty details, such as when a treaty-based intemational institution sees its practice and ')urisprudence" evolve over time and purports to obligate its members even though they opposed that evolution. 3 Likewise, treaty making by various "sovereign" entities can be seriously antidemocratic and otherwise tlawed. 4 Like treaties, the other major source ofinternationallaw norms, "customary international law," is theoretically based on the notion of consent, through the "practiCe of states" and "opinio juris."For centuries, practitioners and scholars have debated the impact of customary international law on "holdout" states, and what constitutes a "holdout," but often in the context of rationalizing the notion that consent exists. The ambiguities of these notions are obvious, and form part of a broader mosaic of criticism against the very existence of "customary intemationallaw norms."s The above remarks do not exhaust the complexity of the "sovereignty" concept. This article, however, does not purport to cover all possible dimensions of sovereignty but, instead, focuses primarily on what might be thought of as the core of sovereign'ty-the "monopoly of power" dimension~although it will be clear that even this focus inevitably entails certain linkages and "slop-over penumbra" of the other sovereignty dimensions. This "core" dimension is examined in the context of its roles with respect to intemationallaw and institutions generally, and international relations and related disciplines such as economics. 6 National govemment leaders and politicians, as well as special interest representatives, too often invoke the term "sovereignty" to forestall needed debate. Likewise, intemational elites often assume that "intemational is better" (thus downplaying the importance of sovereignty) and this is not always the better approach. What is needed is a close analysis of the policy framework that gets us away from these preconceived "mantras.,,7 The objective is to shed some light on these policy debates or, in some cases, policy dilemmas, and to describe some of the policy framework that needs to be addressed.