International committee for characterization and terminology of carbon “first publication of 14 further tentative definitions”

Köchling, K.-H.; McEnaney, B.; Müller, Siegmund; Fitzer, E.

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90100-9

Cited by 19 publications

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“…The mesophase nucleus is observed in the pitch following heat treatment at 400°C, and the mesophase combines into a flow structure at 500°C. The transition of the mesophase during heat treatment consists of the following: 1) nucleus formation, 2) growth of the nucleus, 3) combination of spherical mesophase, and 4) transition into bulk mesophase [51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. Pitch is carbonized after molding the mesophase through heat treatment, and …”

Section: ) Pitchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk graphite: materials and manufacturing process

Lee¹,

Kang²,

Roh³

2015

Carbon letters

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Graphite can be classified into natural graphite from mines and artificial graphite. Due to its outstanding properties such as light weight, thermal resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and high-temperature strength, artificial graphite is used across various industries in powder form and bulk form. Artificial graphite of powder form is usually used as anode materials for secondary cells, while artificial graphite of bulk form is used in steelmaking electrode bars, nuclear reactor moderators, silicon ingots for semiconductors, and manufacturing equipment. This study defines artificial graphite as bulk graphite, and provides an overview of bulk graphite manufacturing, including isotropic and anisotropic materials, molding methods, and heat treatment.

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Section: ) Pitchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk graphite: materials and manufacturing process

Lee¹,

Kang²,

Roh³

2015

Carbon letters

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“…It is, however, symptomatic of the nomenclature confusion existing even in the peer-reviewed literature that the most authoritative reference regarding these issues [6] has been cited in only 15 subsequent papers (according to the Science Citation Index ). Earlier versions of the "recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid" [12][13][14][15][16][17] fared even worse. There is no question that an update on the terminology for the various carbon structures is long overdue, especially after the discovery of fullerenes and nanotubes, and also because of the tremendous popularity of nanomaterials.…”

Section: Macrostructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials: A Brief Overview

Radović

2008

Carbon Materials for Catalysis

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“…At room temperature and pressures below 60 kbar, this particular carbon allotrope is thermodynamically metastable. At pressures above 60 kbar it is stable (Köchling, McEnaney and Rozploch, et al 1982).…”

Section: Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the high-temperature process, graphite is formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of cracked light hydrocarbons at temperatures exceeding 2100 K (1827 o C) (Marsh 1989). The graphite produced is referred to as pyrolytic graphite (Köchling, McEnaney and Rozploch, et al 1982). This CVD procedure can also be broken into two separate steps.…”

Section: Graphitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-graphitizable materials are defined as those materials in which the carbon cannot be rearranged into a crystalline graphite matrix merely by high-temperature heattreatment up to 3300 K (~3000 o C) under atmospheric or lower pressure conditions (Köchling, McEnaney and Rozploch, et al 1982). Graphitizable materials are defined as those materials which can be converted to graphite by heat-treatment to high temperatures-up to 3000 o C.…”

Section: Non-graphitizable Versus Graphitizable Carbonaceous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coal Liquefaction Process Development

Yurchick¹

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The traditional method of liquefying coal operates at extreme conditions consisting of hydrogen pressures of over 2000 pounds per square inch and temperatures of over 450°C. The elevated hydrogen pressure is necessary to hydrogenate the reaction mixture and liquefy the coal molecules. As a result, the processing equipment is very expensive and safety is a major concern. The coal liquefaction process invented at West Virginia University does not use hydrogen overpressure and operates below 500 pounds per square inch. The WVU process has produced 4500 pounds of cleaned de-ashed coal extract referred to as centrate. The centrate was processed into coal tar binder pitch by Koppers Inc. and finally into electrodes for the steel industry by GrafTech International Ltd. The electrodes were tested and passed all of the commercialization tests. Quantex, a Canadian company, licensed the technology from the university in 2007 with the intention of commercializing the process. However, the process had several deficiencies to overcome before it could be economically viable and move towards commercialization. The centrifuge system removes ash and other solid materials from the mixture after the coal has been liquefied. In the process existing in 2007, the centrifuge residue, or tails, contains only 20% by weight of the ash material with the remaining 80% consisting of valuable products or unreacted coal. Without first increasing the efficiency of ash removal from the coal either before or after the liquefaction reaction, the process cannot be economically viable and is unable to be commercialized. Another drawback of the original process is the reaction and centrifuge systems were not designed or operated to produce reliable mass balance results. The reaction system was redesigned and constructed incorporating the previously redesigned centrifugation system to produce clean, de-ashed centrate and other products from the raw materials. A vacuum distillation system was designed and constructed that produces quality pitches and condensed liquid volatiles from the clean, de-ashed centrate produced from coal in the previous reaction step. The coking system was designed and constructed to process the coal derived pitches into commercial grade coke and additional condensed volatiles. Each of the three operating systems produces reliable and repeatable mass closure results for individual experiments. All of the products can be collected and samples taken for further analytical analysis. A complete mass balance analysis for the overall process was performed from the raw material through the products produced. The end products were subjected to and passed testing for commercial standards. The potential for commercialization has been enhanced by this research and the technology now can be properly analyzed.

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International committee for characterization and terminology of carbon “first publication of 14 further tentative definitions”

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Bulk graphite: materials and manufacturing process

Bulk graphite: materials and manufacturing process

Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials: A Brief Overview

Coal Liquefaction Process Development

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