“…At the same time, there is now a better understanding of the nuanced role of geography, so that countries are not necessarily the prime geographic unit of interest for various policy decisions by firms and governments (Mudambi, Li, Ma, Makino, Qian, & Boschma, 2018a). In particular, scholars and policymakers have pointed to the pivotal role of cities in facilitating the creation and trade of knowledge-based services, a core activity for many contemporary multinational enterprises (MNEs) (Iammarino, McCann, & Ortega-Argilés, 2018;Santangelo, 2018;Trujillo & Parilla, 2016). Cities can generate strong agglomeration economies in both physical and knowledge infrastructures (Davis & Dingel, 2019;Glaeser, 2008;Bryan, Glaeser, & Tsivanidis, 2019), leading to the co-location of MNEs, and, in particular, knowledge-based professional service firms as well as the knowledge-based parts of MNE GVCs in these cities (Belderbos, Sleuwaegen, Somers, & De Backer, 2016;Belderbos, Du, & Slangen, 2020;Mudambi, Narula, & Santangelo, 2018b).…”