Internal tides off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons: interactions with background circulation and SSH imprints

Abstract

Abstract. The Amazon shelf break is a key region for internal tide (IT) generation. It also shows a large seasonal variation in circulation and associated stratification. This study, based on a high-resolution model (1/36∘) explicitly forced by tide, aims to better characterize how the ITs vary between two contrasted seasons. During the season from March to July (MAMJJ) the currents and mesoscale eddies are weak while the pycnocline is shallower and stronger. From August to December (ASOND) mean currents and mesoscale eddies are strong, and the pycnocline is deeper and weaker than in MAMJJ. For both seasons, semi-diurnal M2 ITs are generated on the shelf break mainly between the 100 and 1000 m isobath in the model. South of 2∘ N, the conversion from barotropic to baroclinic tide is more efficient in MAMJJ than in ASOND. Local dissipation of the coherent M2 at the generation sites is higher in MAMJJ (30 %) than in ASOND (22 %), because higher modes are favourably generated (modes 2 and 3), making the internal wave packet more dispersive. The remaining fraction (70 %–80 %) propagates away from the generation sites and mainly dissipates locally every ∼ 100 km, which corresponds to the mode 1 reflection beams. About 13 %, 30 %, and 40 % of the M2 coherent IT dissipates at the first, second, and third beams. M2 coherent baroclinic flux propagates more northward during MAMJJ while it seems to be blocked at 6∘ N during ASOND. There is no intensified dissipation of the coherent M2 that could explain the disappearance of the coherent flux. In fact, the flux at this location becomes more incoherent because of strong interaction with the currents. This has been shown in the paper using 25 h mean snapshots of the baroclinic flux that shows branching and stronger eastward deviation of the IT when interacting with mesoscale eddies and stratification during ASOND. Finally, we evaluated sea surface height (SSH) frequency and wavenumber spectra for subtidal (f<1/28 h−1), tidal (1/28 h−1 < f<1/11 h−1), and supertidal (f>1/11 h−1) frequencies. Tidal frequencies explain most of the SSH variability for wavelengths between 250 and 70 km. Below 70 km, the SSH is mainly incoherent and supertidal. The length scale at which the SSH becomes dominated by unbalanced (non-geostrophic) IT was estimated to be around 250 km. Our results highlight the complexity of correctly predicting IT SSH in order to better observe mesoscale and sub-mesoscale eddies from existing and upcoming altimetric missions, notably the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission.

Spatial and temporal variability of mode-1 and mode-2 internal solitary waves from MODIS/TERRA sunglint off the Amazon shelf

“…and mesoscale activity are intensified and the pycnocline is deeper, slightly weaker and has a stronger horizontal gradient along with the North Brazil Current retroflection/North Equatorial Countercurrent (NBCR/NECC) path (Richardson and Walsh, 1986;Richardson et al, 1994;Silva et al, 2005;Aguedjou et al, 2019;Tchilibou et al, 2022). Seasonal variability of the ISWs in the region was linked to the seasonality of the NECC, which was pointed to as the mechanism responsible for refracting the waves toward the northeast and enhancing their velocities during the ASOND time period (Magalhães et al, 2016).…”

“…This study further illustrated that the latter flux has numerous branching and deviations, and the internal tides field seems more diffuse. The impact of the water stratification and the seasonal variability was also discussed for mode 2 ITs off the Amazon shelf in Barbot et al (2021); Tchilibou et al (2022). A deeper pycnocline seems to shift mode 2 ITs toward intermediate water layers, decreasing the IT elevation amplitude and increasing its horizontal surface wavelength (with a lower impact on mode-2 than on mode-1) (Barbot et al, 2021).…”

“…Seasonal variability of the ISWs in the region was linked to the seasonality of the NECC, which was pointed to as the mechanism responsible for refracting the waves toward the northeast and enhancing their velocities during the ASOND time period (Magalhães et al, 2016). The seasonality of the pycnocline depth and strength was linked in the Amazon shelf to changes in the IT baroclinic mode and wavelength (Barbot et al, 2021;Tchilibou et al, 2022). Finally, the currents may interact with the IT field creating some refraction, branching, or even dissipation of the tidal baroclinic flux (Dunphy et al, 2017;Tchilibou et al, 2022).…”

“…The seasonality of the pycnocline depth and strength was linked in the Amazon shelf to changes in the IT baroclinic mode and wavelength (Barbot et al, 2021;Tchilibou et al, 2022). Finally, the currents may interact with the IT field creating some refraction, branching, or even dissipation of the tidal baroclinic flux (Dunphy et al, 2017;Tchilibou et al, 2022). During ASOND, Tchilibou et al (2022), in a realistic regional modeling configuration showed that the eddy kinetic energy is higher, and the mesoscale currents create a more energetic noncoherent baroclinic flux.…”

“…Finally, the currents may interact with the IT field creating some refraction, branching, or even dissipation of the tidal baroclinic flux (Dunphy et al, 2017;Tchilibou et al, 2022). During ASOND, Tchilibou et al (2022), in a realistic regional modeling configuration showed that the eddy kinetic energy is higher, and the mesoscale currents create a more energetic noncoherent baroclinic flux. This study further illustrated that the latter flux has numerous branching and deviations, and the internal tides field seems more diffuse.…”