Internal strains and stresses measured in cortical bone via high-energy X-ray diffraction

Almer, J.; Stock, Stuart R.

doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2005.08.003

Cited by 139 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…With the progress in synchrotron x-ray diffraction in recent years, interests are growing in this area with some notable experimental outcomes. Followed by the work of Borsato and Sasaki [59] who estimated stress concentration in bone minerals, the work by Almer and Stock [63] provided some additional insights on the deformation of mineral crystals and its measurements using x-ray diffraction techniques. This study well documented the applicable advantages of x-ray diffraction from fundamentals on lattice deformation, texture and profile broadening.…”

Section: Deformation Of Mineral Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study well documented the applicable advantages of x-ray diffraction from fundamentals on lattice deformation, texture and profile broadening. The measurements were facilitated by the introduction of area detector, which allows direct observation of strain evolution of the mineral crystals in all orientations under different external loads (figure 6) [58,63]. Further to this, a simultaneous quantification of the mechanical properties of bone mineral and collagen fibers become possible using the diffraction patterns in wide-angle and small-angle scattering regimes [46,47,64].…”

Section: Deformation Of Mineral Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A preliminary study comparing the tension and compression loading modes reported different mineral crystals behaviors. In addition to strains, other factors like diffraction profile broadening were also considered to see how defects in the crystals might evolve upon loading [63,65]. Combing all these factors obtained through x-ray diffraction techniques, it might become possible to clarify the issues related to the local and bulk behavior in bone and their interrelationship.…”

Section: Deformation Of Mineral Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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X-ray diffraction as a promising tool to characterize bone nanocomposites

Tadano

Giri

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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To understand the characteristics of bone at the tissue level, the structure, organization and mechanical properties of the underlying levels down to the nanoscale as well as their mutual interactions need to be investigated. Such information would help understand changes in the bone properties including stiffness, strength and toughness and provide ways to assess the aged and diseased bones and the development of next generation of bio-inspired materials. X-ray diffraction techniques have gained increased interest in recent years as useful non-destructive tools for investigating the nanostructure of bone. This review provides an overview on the recent progress in this field and briefly introduces the related experimental approach. The application of x-ray diffraction to elucidating the structural and mechanical properties of mineral crystals in bone is reviewed in terms of characterization of in situ strain, residual stress-strain and crystal orientation.

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Section: Deformation Of Mineral Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deformation Of Mineral Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deformation Of Mineral Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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X-ray diffraction as a promising tool to characterize bone nanocomposites

Tadano

Giri

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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“…Surprisingly, this issue is often ignored but has become of importance as in situ testing with high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and tomography imaging [32,33] is now commonly used to identify the micrometer and even sub-micrometer deformation and fracture mechanisms in mineralized tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the effect of X-ray irradiation on the deformation and fracture behavior of human cortical bone

Barth

Launey

MacDowell

et al. 2010

Bone

178

109

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In situ mechanical testing coupled with imaging using high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction or tomography imaging is gaining in popularity as a technique to investigate micrometer and even sub-micrometer deformation and fracture mechanisms in mineralized tissues, such as bone and teeth. However, the role of the irradiation in affecting the nature and properties of the tissue is not always taken into account. Accordingly, we examine here the effect of x-ray synchrotron-source irradiation on the mechanistic aspects of deformation and fracture in human cortical bone. Specifically, the strength, ductility and fracture resistance (both work-of-fracture and resistancecurve fracture toughness) of human femoral bone in the transverse (breaking) orientation were evaluated following exposures to 0.05, 70, 210 and 630 kGy irradiation. Our results show that the radiation typically used in tomography imaging can have a major and deleterious impact on the strength, post-yield behavior and fracture toughness of cortical bone, with the severity of the effect progressively increasing with higher doses of radiation. Plasticity was essentially suppressed after as little as 70 kGy of radiation; the fracture toughness was decreased by a factor of five after 210 kGy of radiation. Mechanistically, the irradiation was found to alter the salient toughening mechanisms, manifest by the progressive elimination of the bone's capacity for plastic deformation which restricts the intrinsic toughening from the formation "plastic zones" around crack-like defects. Deep-ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy indicated that this behavior could be related to degradation in the collagen integrity.

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“…The effects of radiation are of primary concern for the sterilization of bone allografts (7), but also for the research community, who often use high---flux synchrotron radiation while analyzing the mechanical properties of bone in situ (8,9). The latter would provide misleading results if the radiation dose used in the experiments damages the bone matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiscale Origins of Fracture Resistance in Human Bone and Its Biological Degradation

Zimmermann

Barth

Ritchie

2012

JOM

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Akin to other mineralized tissues, human cortical bone can resist deformation and fracture due to the nature of its hierarchical structure, which spans the molecular to macroscopic length---scales. Deformation at the smallest scales, mainly through the composite action of the mineral and collagen, contributes to bone's strength or intrinsic fracture resistance, while crack---tip shielding mechanisms active on the microstructural scale contribute to the extrinsic fracture resistance once cracking begins. The efficiency with which these structural features can resist fracture at both small and large length---scales becomes severely degraded with such factors as aging, irradiation and disease. Indeed aging and irradiation can cause changes to the cross---link profile at fibrillar length---scales as well as changes at the three orders of magnitude larger scale of the osteonal structures, both of which combine to inhibit the bone's overall resistance to the initiation and growth of cracks.

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Internal strains and stresses measured in cortical bone via high-energy X-ray diffraction

Cited by 139 publications

References 62 publications

X-ray diffraction as a promising tool to characterize bone nanocomposites

X-ray diffraction as a promising tool to characterize bone nanocomposites

On the effect of X-ray irradiation on the deformation and fracture behavior of human cortical bone

The Multiscale Origins of Fracture Resistance in Human Bone and Its Biological Degradation

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