Internal Solitons in the Andaman Sea

Osborne, A. R.; Burch, Tom

doi:10.1126/science.208.4443.451

Cited by 697 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…During the joint Variations Around the Northern South China Sea (VANS) and Windy Island Soliton Experiment (WISE) (Yang et al, 2009), ISWs with amplitudes of over 190 m and phase speeds over 3.0 m s −1 were observed . These measured amplitudes and phase speeds are among the largest observed anywhere, surpassing observed amplitudes of 90 m and phase speeds of 1.8 m s −1 in the Andaman and Sulu seas (Osborne and Burch, 1980;Apel et al, 1985). Their large amplitudes have made these waves the subject of many observational and numerical investigations.…”

Section: K G Lamb and A Warn-varnas: Shoaling Internal Solitary Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Lamb

Warn-Varnas

2015

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Abstract. The interaction of barotropic tides with LuzonStrait topography generates some of the world's largest internal solitary waves which eventually shoal and dissipate on the western side of the northern South China Sea. Twodimensional numerical simulations of the shoaling of a single internal solitary wave at the site of the Asian Seas International Acoustic Experiment (ASIAEX) have been undertaken in order to investigate the sensitivity of the shoaling process to the stratification and the underlying bathymetry and to explore the influence of rotation. The bulk of the simulations are inviscid; however, exploratory simulations using a vertical eddy-viscosity confined to a near bottom layer, along with a no-slip boundary condition, suggest that viscous effects may become important in water shallower than about 200 m. A shoaling solitary wave fissions into several waves. At depths of 200-300 m the front of the leading waves become nearly parallel to the bottom and develop a very steep back as has been observed. The leading waves are followed by waves of elevation (pedestals) that are conjugate to the waves of depression ahead and behind them. Horizontal resolutions of at least 50 m are required to simulate these well. Wave breaking was found to occur behind the second or third of the leading solitary waves, never at the back of the leading wave. Comparisons of the shoaling of waves started at depths of 1000 and 3000 m show significant differences and the shoaling waves can be significantly non-adiabatic even at depths greater than 2000 m. When waves reach a depth of 200 m, their amplitudes can be more than 50 % larger than the largest possible solitary wave at that depth. The shoaling behaviour is sensitive to the presence of small-scale features in the bathymetry: a 200 m high bump at 700 m depth can result in the generation of many mode-two waves and of higher mode waves. Sensitivity to the stratification is considered by using three stratifications based on summer observations. They primarily differ in the depth of the thermocline. The generation of mode-two waves and the behaviour of the waves in shallow water is sensitive to this depth. Rotation affects the shoaling waves by reducing the amplitude of the leading waves via the radiation of long trailing inertiagravity waves. The nonlinear-dispersive evolution of these inertia-gravity waves results in the formation of secondary mode-one wave packets.

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Section: K G Lamb and A Warn-varnas: Shoaling Internal Solitary Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Lamb

Warn-Varnas

2015

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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“…The propagation of small or moderate amplitude solitary waves has been well described by two-layer Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) theory [28]- [31]. The waves evolve into the classic hyperbolic secant-squared shape as a balance between nonlinear effects and dispersion.…”

Section: E Internal Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal Solitons in the Northeastern South China Sea Part I: Sources and Deep Water Propagation

Ramp

Tang²,

Duda³

et al. 2004

IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.

330

321

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Abstract-A moored array of current, temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors was deployed across the Chinese continental shelf and slope in support of the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment. The goal of the observations was to quantify the water column variability in order to understand the along-and across-shore low-frequency acoustic propagation in shallow water. The moorings were deployed from April 21-May 19, 2001 and sampled at 1-5 min intervals to capture the full range of temporal variability without aliasing the internal wave field. The dominant oceanographic signal by far was in fact the highly nonlinear internal waves (or solitons) which were generated near the Batan Islands in the Luzon Strait and propagated 485 km across deep water to the observation region. Dubbed trans-basin waves, to distinguish them from other, smaller nonlinear waves generated locally near the shelf break, these waves had amplitudes ranging from 29 to greater than 140 m and were among the largest such waves ever observed in the world's oceans. The waves arrived at the most offshore mooring in two clusters lasting 7-8 days each separated by five days when no waves were observed. Within each cluster, two types of waves arrived which have been named type-a and type-b. The type-a waves had greater amplitude than the type-b waves and arrived with remarkable regularity at the same time each day, 24 h apart. The type-b waves were weaker than the type-a waves, arrived an hour later each day, and generally consisted of a single soliton growing out of the center of the wave packet. Comparison with modeled barotropic tides from the generation region revealed that: 1) The two clusters were generated around the time of the spring tides in the Luzon strait; and 2) The type-a waves were generated on the strong side of the diurnal inequality while the type-b waves were generated on the weaker beat. The position of the Kuroshio intrusion into the Luzon Strait may modulate the strength of the waves being produced. As the waves shoaled, the huge lead solitons first split into two solitons then merged together into a broad region of thermocline depression at depths less than 120 m. Elevation waves sprang up behind them as they continued to propagate onshore. The elevation waves also grew out of regions where the locally-generated internal tide forced the main thermocline down near the bottom. The "critical T. Y. Tang is with the Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, ROC.H. point" where the upper and lower layers were equal was a good indicator of when the depression or elevation waves would form, however this was not a static point, but rather varied in both space and time according to the presence or absence of the internal tides and the incoming trans-basin waves themselves.

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“…[4][5][6][7] A first theoretical description of the soliton was given by Korteweg and De Vries as early as 1895. 8 First experimental proof of acoustic solitons in solids was obtained by Hao and Maris 9 in 2001, using picosecond ultrasonics techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved interferometric detection of ultrashort strain solitons in sapphire

Capel

Dijkhuis

2010

Phys. Rev. B

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We study one-dimensional nonlinear propagation of high-amplitude acoustic waves in sapphire, for various sample temperatures, sample thicknesses, and pump fluences. Strain waves are generated in a 100-nm-thick chromium film and launched into the sapphire. For temperatures Ͻ60 K, damping can be neglected and propagation is dominated by the nonlinear and dispersive properties of the sapphire substrate. An interferometric technique is used to detect the wave on an epitaxially grown ϳ20-nm-thick Cr film at the opposite side of the sample. At the lowest temperature of 18 K, a train of up to seven solitons is detected in sapphire for a pump fluence of 11 mJ/ cm 2 . From the soliton amplitudes and velocities, we infer soliton temporal and spatial widths as short as 200 fs and 2 nm. A theoretical analysis based on numerical solution of the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation yields excellent agreement to all experiments presented. Deviations to the direct theoretical result can be explained by pump intensity variations, affecting the ͑nonlinear͒ propagation properties.

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Internal Solitons in the Andaman Sea

Cited by 697 publications

References 25 publications

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Internal Solitons in the Northeastern South China Sea Part I: Sources and Deep Water Propagation

Time-resolved interferometric detection of ultrashort strain solitons in sapphire

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