Internal solitary wave generation by the tidal flows beneath ice keel in the Arctic Ocean

Zhang, Peiwen; Li, Qun; Xu, Zhenhua; Yin, Baoshu

doi:10.1007/s00343-021-1052-7

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…In some cases, this acts as a cap, preventing wind energy being converted to surface and IWs. In other cases, the motion of the ice relative to the surface waters can also act as a generation mechanism for IWs in itself (Martin et al., 2014; Zhang, Li, et al., 2022). Despite the presence of sea ice being assumed to be at least partially responsible for the low IW energy in the Arctic (due to a combination of reducing energy input, and damping of IWs), recent studies have not found evidence of a significant rise in IW energy in response to rapidly declining sea ice extent (Guthrie et al., 2013; Guthrie & Morison, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions Between Internal Solitary Waves and Sea Ice

Hartharn‐Evans,

Carr,

Stastna

2024

JGR Oceans

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Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) that form on internal density interfaces in the ocean are responsible for the horizontal transport and vertical mixing of heat, nutrients, and other water properties. The waves also induce fluid motion that can induce stresses and motion on floating structures, such as sea ice. This study investigates ISW‐sea ice interactions. Using laboratory experiments, ISWs generated via the lock gate technique are observed interacting with weighted floats of varying sizes. The motion of these floats can be modeled effectively, simply as the average velocity of the fluid under the float, and it is found that when floats are small relative to the wavelength, they behave in the same manner as a fluid particle, but as floats become bigger relative to the wavelength, the maximum velocity decreases, and interaction time increases. This phenomenon is explained simply by the wave‐induced flow as opposed to energy transfer arguments. By using this model with a large sample of theoretical waves, the float motion is parameterized based on the float length and wave parameters. Whilst small floats do not disrupt the flow patterns, the wave‐induced flow under larger floats forms a pair of counter‐rotating vortices at each end of the float. The formation and evolution of these flow features arise as a result of boundary layer separation with the horizontal wave‐induced flow relative to the float velocity. This reveals complex dynamics due to the non‐stationary behavior of both the float and flow.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, Zhang, Li, et al. (2022) and Zhang, Xu, et al. (2022) used numerical simulations to investigate the impact of a fixed ice keel on IW propagation and generation respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions Between Internal Solitary Waves and Sea Ice

Hartharn‐Evans,

Carr,

Stastna

2024

JGR Oceans

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“…In these areas, internal gravity waves are generated by various sources, including tidal currents over the bottom topography (Urbancic et al, 2022), time-varying winds (Rainville and Woodgate, 2009), vortices (Johannessen et al, 2019), and lee waves (Vlasenko et al, 2003). Another source of energy for internal waves in the near-surface pycnocline can be interaction of ice keels with tides (Zhang et al, 2022a). These waves, in the form of internal solitary waves (ISWs), often propagate along the pycnocline in a stratified ocean under ice cover.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of internal solitary waves at the edge of ice cover

Terletska,

Maderich,

Tobisch

2024

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Abstract. Internal wave-driven mixing is an important factor in the balance of heat and salt fluxes in the polar regions of the ocean. Transformation of internal waves at the edge of the ice cover can enhance the mixing and melting of ice in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica. In the polar oceans, internal solitary waves (ISWs) are generated by various sources, including tidal currents over bottom topography, the interaction of ice keels with tides, time-varying winds, vortices, and lee waves. In this study, a numerical investigation of the transformation of ISWs propagating from open water in the stratified sea under the edge of the ice cover is carried out to compare the depression ISW transformation and loss of energy on smooth ice surfaces, including those on the ice shelf and glacier outlets, with the processes beneath the ridged underside of the ice. They were carried out using a non-hydrostatic model that is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation for a continuously stratified fluid. The Smagorinsky turbulence model extended for stratified fluid was used to describe the small-scale turbulent mixing explicitly. Two series of numerical experiments were carried out in an idealized 2D setup. The first series aimed to study the processes of the ISWs of depression transformation under an ice cover of constant submerged ice thickness. Energy loss was estimated based on a budget of depth-integrated pseudoenergy before and after the wave transformation. The transformation of ISWs of depressions is controlled by the blocking parameter β, which is the ratio of the minimum thickness of the upper layer under the ice cover to the incident wave amplitude. The energy loss was relatively small for large positive and large negative values of β. The maximal value of energy loss was about 38 %, and it was reached at β≈0 for ISWs. In the second series of experiments, a number of keels were located on the underside of the constant-thickness ice layer. The ISW transformation under ridged ice also depends on the blocking parameter β. For large keels (β<0), more than 40 % of energy is lost on the first keel, while for relatively small keels (β>0.3), the losses on the first keel are less than 6 %. Energy losses due to all keels depend on the distance between them, which is characterized by the parameter μ, i.e. the ratio of keel depth to the distance between keels. In turn, for a finite length of the ice layer, the distance between keels depends on the keel quantity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of internal solitary waves under ridged ice cover

Terletska,

Maderich,

Tobisch

2023

Preprint

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Abstract. Internal wave-driven mixing is an important factor in the balance of heat and salt fluxes in the polar regions of the ocean. The breaking internal waves at the edge of the ice cover can essentially enhance the mixing and melting of ice in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica. The internal solitary waves (ISWs) are generated by various sources, including tidal currents over the bottom topography, the interaction of ice keels with tides, varying in time wind, vortices, and lee waves. In the study, a numerical investigation of the transformation of ISW propagating from open water in the stratified sea under the edge of the ice cover is carried out to compare the depression ISW transformation and loss of energy on smooth ice surfaces, including those on the ice shelf and glacier outlets, with the processes beneath the ridged underside of the ice. They were carried out using a nonhydrostatic model which is based on the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation for a continuously stratified fluid. The Smagorinsky turbulence model extended for stratified fluid was used to explicitly describe the small-scale turbulent mixing. Two series of numerical experiments were carried out in an idealized 2D setup. The first series aimed to study processes of the ISW-depression transformation under ice cover of constant submerged ice thickness. A loss of energy was estimated based on the budget of depth-integrated pseudoenergy before and after the wave transformation. The transformation of depression ISW is controlled by the blocking parameter β. For large positive and large negative values of parameter β which is the ratio of the height of the minimum depth of the upper layer under the ice cover to the incident wave amplitude. The energy loss was relatively small for large positive and large negative values of β. The maximal value of energy loss was about 38 % and it is reached at β ≈ 0 for ISW. In the second series of experiments, a number of keels were located underside of the ice layer of constant thickness. The ISW transformation under ridged ice also depends on the blocking parameter β. For large keels (β<0), more than 40 % is lost on the first keel, while for relatively small keels (β>0.3), the losses on the first keel are less than 6 %. Energy losses due to all keels depend on the distance between them which is characterized by the parameter μ which is the ratio keel depth to the distance between keels. If the tidal flow around the large keels is the source of internal waves, then under conditions of strongly ridged ice the waves excited by the tidal flow are dispersed in the vicinity of their formation.

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Internal solitary wave generation by the tidal flows beneath ice keel in the Arctic Ocean

Cited by 8 publications

References 68 publications

Interactions Between Internal Solitary Waves and Sea Ice

Interactions Between Internal Solitary Waves and Sea Ice

Transformation of internal solitary waves at the edge of ice cover

Transformation of internal solitary waves under ridged ice cover

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