Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades – A retrospective human biomonitoring study

Wittassek, Matthias; Wiesmüller, Gerhard Andreas; Koch, Holger M.; Rolf, Eckard; Dobler, Lorenz; Müller, Johannes; Angerer, Jürgen; Schlüter, Christoph

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.037

Cited by 267 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…On a body weight basis, this 48.5 mg translates to 650 mg/kg. This differs from median intakes determined from urine measurements and the creatinine correction approach that ranges from about 1 mg/kg/day in the United States (Lorber et al, 2010) to 5 mg/kg/day based on urine measurements from German study participants (Wittassek et al, 2007b). As observed, this dose is clearly elevated above background and this is observed also in the urine concentration data.…”

Section: Self-dosed Individualcontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…For example, concentrations of MEHP in the first several samples from this individual (through about 10 h) ranged from 1000-4000 mg/l. This differs from median background population of MEHP concentrations of about 10 mg/l and less (Wittassek et al, 2007b;CDC, 2009). Initially, 5OH-MEHP was higher than 5cx-MEPP by 1000-2000 mg/l; both were in the 5000-10,000 mg/l range.…”

Section: Self-dosed Individualmentioning

confidence: 60%

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A critical evaluation of the creatinine correction approach: Can it underestimate intakes of phthalates? A case study with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate

Lorber

Koch

Angerer

2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The creatinine correction approach has been used to estimate daily intake for contaminants whose primary route of elimination is through urine. This method is challenged using the phthalate di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as an example. An alternate prediction approach based on human experimental metabolism and urinary excretion data on DEHP was developed. This alternate model was developed from urine measurements of four metabolites of DEHP from two individuals partaking in different experiments, for up to 44 h after known exposures. Particular attention was paid to the changing ratios of the metabolites over time: they took a certain form when exposure was in the ''near'' (the past few hours) versus the ''distant'' (24 h or more) past. The creatinine correction approach was applied to measurements of the same four metabolites from 18 individuals in the National Health And Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) 2003/2004. The alternate model was also applied to these individuals, and the results were compared. Predictions using the two methods were similar or the creatinine correction predicted higher concentrations when the ratio suggested that the DEHP exposure was ''near'' in time, but the alternate approach predicted intakes that were an order of magnitude higher when the ratios suggested that the intake was ''distant''. As much as 25% of all NHANES measurements contain metabolites whose key ratio suggest that exposure was ''distant''. Uncertainties notwithstanding, the analysis in this article suggests that the creatinine correction approach should be used cautiously for DEHP and possibly other contaminants with similar exposure characteristics: rapid metabolism with metabolite urine elimination half-lives on the order of hours, and exposure patterns that may not be continuous and ongoing.

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Section: Self-dosed Individualcontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: Self-dosed Individualmentioning

confidence: 60%

A critical evaluation of the creatinine correction approach: Can it underestimate intakes of phthalates? A case study with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate

Lorber

Koch

Angerer

2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…In contrast, we observed a decline in the urinary concentrations of MECPP-a DEHP metabolite-during the same time period. Similarly, a German retrospective human biomonitor-ing study reported a decline in urinary concentrations of DEHP metabolites and an increase in urinary concentrations of DINP metabolites (Wittassek et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Environmental exposure to the plasticizer 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH) in US adults (2000—2012)

Silva

Jia

Samandar

et al. 2013

Environmental Research

128

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Abstract1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH) is a complex mixture of nine carbon branched-chain isomers. It has been used in Europe since 2002 as a plasticizer to replace phthalates such as di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Urinary concentrations of the oxidative metabolites of DINCH, namely cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acidmonocarboxy isooctyl ester (MCOCH); cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester (MONCH); and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester (MHNCH), can potentially be used as DINCH exposure biomarkers. The presence of oxidative metabolites of DINCH in urine suggests that these oxidative metabolites can be used as DINCH biomarkers for exposure assessment even at environmental exposure levels.

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“…Three German data sets using spot urine samples included surveys of 45 adults in 2007 in Bochum, 7 85 adults in 2002 in Erlangen, 8,9 and 102 adults in 2005 in Bavaria (the latter data have not been published, but a description of the larger study of measurements from 1005 individuals from which a subset of 102 were analyzed for phthalate metabolites can be found in Kutting et al) 10 To compare with these data sets was a set of 712 students, aged 20--29, who provided 24-h urine samples between 1988 and 2003 to the Environmental Specimen Bank of the Federal Environmental Agency of Germany. A description of this database and a summary of partial results can be found in Wittassek et al 11 and the website for the Environmental Specimen Bank: http://www.umweltprobenbank.de/en/documents. All urine samples from these German data sets were analyzed for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites: mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP); for the mono-ester metabolite of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP); for the mono-ester metabolite of di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP); and for the mono-ester metabolite of butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP).…”

Section: Study Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population variability of phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A concentrations in spot urine samples versus 24- or 48-h collections

Christensen

Lorber

Koch

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Human exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) can be assessed through urinary biomonitoring, but methods to infer daily intakes assume that spot sample concentrations are comparable to daily average concentrations. We evaluate this assumption using human biomonitoring data from Germany and the United States (US). The German data comprised three regional studies with spot samples and one with full-day samples analyzed for phthalate metabolites. The US data included: a study on DEHP metabolites and BPA involving eight persons supplying all urine voids (from which 24-h samples were constructed) for seven consecutive days; NHANES spot sample data on DEHP metabolites and BPA; and a regional study of children with 48-h samples analyzed for BPA. In the German data, measures of central tendency differed, but spot and 24-h samples showed generally comparable variance including 95th percentiles and maxima equidistant from central tendency measures. In contrast, the US adult data from the eight-person study showed similar central tendencies for phthalate metabolites and BPA, but generally greater variability for the spot samples, including higher 95th percentiles and maxima. When comparing children's BPA concentrations in NHANES spot and 48-h samples, distributions showed similar central tendency and variability. Overall, spot urinary concentrations of DEHP metabolites and BPA have variability roughly comparable with corresponding 24-h average concentrations obtained from a comparable population, suggesting that spot samples can be used to characterize population distributions of intakes. However, the analysis also suggests that caution should be exercised when interpreting the high end of spot sample data sets.

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Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades – A retrospective human biomonitoring study

Cited by 267 publications

References 54 publications

A critical evaluation of the creatinine correction approach: Can it underestimate intakes of phthalates? A case study with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate

A critical evaluation of the creatinine correction approach: Can it underestimate intakes of phthalates? A case study with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate

Environmental exposure to the plasticizer 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH) in US adults (2000—2012)

Population variability of phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A concentrations in spot urine samples versus 24- or 48-h collections

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