Internal eutrophication: How it works and what to do about it—a review

Smolders, Alfons J. P.; Lamers, Leon P. M.; Lucassen, E.C.H.E.T.; Velde, G. van der; Roelofs, J.G.M.

doi:10.1080/02757540600579730

Cited by 324 publications

(308 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Bailey, unpublished data) and that sites with the highest species diversity occurred at sites with HCO 3 -concentrations exceeding background concentrations observed in deep (sub-peat) observation wells, suggesting additional alkalinization from redox processes (Lamers et al 1998a;Lucassen et al 2004a). Our results provided additional evidence of the importance of redox processes in regulating the plant environment (Lucassen et al 2000Smolders et al 2003Smolders et al , 2006. Alterations to the water budget, due to climate change or watershed development could significantly impact headwater wetlands by affecting local versus regional groundwater supplies and subsequently altering biogeochemical processes, nutrient availability, and plant species composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Buffered redox conditions sustained by groundwater supply of terminal electron acceptors (Drever 1988;Boomer and Bedford 2008) and consequent effects on iron-sulfur reactions could play a more prominent role than pH-controls in regulating P availability across fens (Carlyle and Hill 2001;Lamers et al 2002;Lucassen et al 2005;Smolders et al 2006). In particular, influx of sulfate (SO 4 2-)-enriched water to organic-rich wetlands and subsequent reduction processes can enhance ferric iron (Fe 3? )…”

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confidence: 99%

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Groundwater-induced redox-gradients control soil properties and phosphorus availability across four headwater wetlands, New York, USA

Boomer

Bedford

2008

Biogeochemistry

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Hydrochemical patterns across groundwater-fed wetlands, especially carbonate and redox gradients, can influence phosphorus (P) availability by controlling its distribution among different soil pools. We explored these linkages by comparing shallow (5-20 cm) soil properties along groundwater flowpaths in two rich fens, a marl fen, and a poor fen. Organic matter content, bulk density, and total elemental content varied more with depth to underlying drift materials than with water table fluctuation, but also were influenced by groundwater discharge, which stabilized water table elevations and controlled redox conditions. Total sulfur and calcium content increased where pore-water chemistry indicated active iron and sulfate reduction. Calcium mineral dynamics, however, did not appear to influence P availability: first, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) accounted for \2% of the soil composition, except in the marl fen where it accounted for 20-25% of the soil composition. Second, Ca-bound P pools, determined from hydrochloric extraction of wet soil samples, accounted for \25% of the inorganic soil P pool. In contrast, iron-bound P determined from bicarbonate-buffered dithionite solution, accounted for 50-80% of the inorganic soil P, and increased where there was evidence of groundwater mixing, as did P release rates inferred from incubated anion resin bags. The total carbon and phosphorus content of organic-rich soils as well as available and labile P pools were strongly correlated with pore-water iron and alkalinity concentrations. Groundwater discharge and resulting hydrochemical gradients explained significant variation in soil composition and P availability across each site. Results highlight the importance of conducting biogeochemical studies in the context of a site's shallow geologic setting and suggest mechanisms supporting the diverse plant species unique to groundwater wetlands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater-induced redox-gradients control soil properties and phosphorus availability across four headwater wetlands, New York, USA

Boomer

Bedford

2008

Biogeochemistry

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“…S-pollution can enhance plant phosphorous (P) availability in reduced fen soils by replacing PO 4 in iron-phosphate complexes (Lamers et al 1998;Smolders et al 2006). On the other hand, high N-and S-loading can also lead to toxic effects on fen plants, reducing their biomass production (Koch and Mendelssohn 1989;Smolders and Roelofs 1996;Lamers et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of nitrogen enrichment, sulphur pollution and climate change on fen meadow vegetation N:P stoichiometry and biomass

et al. 2011

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Nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) deposition, as well as altered soil moisture dynamics due to climate change can have large effects on fen meadow biogeochemistry and vegetation. Their combined effects may differ strongly from their separate effects, since each process affects different nutrients through different mechanisms. However, the impacts of these environmental problems are rarely studied in combination. We therefore investigated the separate and interactive effects of current levels of N-and S-deposition and changes in soil moisture dynamics on fen meadow vegetation. We focused on vegetation biomass and N:P stoichiometry, including access to soil P through root surface phosphatase activity, in a 3-year factorial addition experiment in an N-limited rich fen meadow in the Biebrza valley in Poland. We applied 29.5 kg N ha -1 year -1 and 32.1 kg S ha -1 year -1 , which correspond to current deposition levels in Western Europe. Changes in soil moisture dynamics due to climate change were mimicked by amplified drying of the soil in summer. This level of N-deposition had limited effects on plant biomass production in this rich fen, despite low foliar N:P ratios that suggest N limitation. This level of S-deposition, however, resulted in decreased vegetation P-uptake and biomass. We also showed that increased summer drought resulted in considerable increases in vegetation biomass. We found no interactive effects on vegetation biomass or N:P stoichiometry, possibly as a result of the limited main effects of the separate processes.

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“…Alk'' (1 mM Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 , 1 mM Na 2 SO 4 , 1 mM NaCl). The concentrations used are characteristic for local groundwater and river water in The Netherlands (Smolders et al 2006). Each treatment was randomly assigned to an aquarium (see below) and replicated four times.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing alkalinity (alkalinization) above the low natural levels is among the main causes of degradation of the vegetation in softwater lakes (Arts 2002). Alkalinization happens by direct lime application used as a restoration measure to revert acidification (Brandrud 2002), by hydrological changes such as the introduction of alkaline water (Smolders and Roelofs 1995) or internally due to inlake processes such as the reduction in SO 4 2-, NO 3 -or Fe in sediment mineralization processes (Psenner 1988;Smolders et al 2006). Alkalinization can cause a shift in the vegetation from plant species characteristic of softwater (isoetids) to species characteristic of buffered conditions (elodeids, and other hard-water macrophytes) (Arts 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated alkalinity and sulfate adversely affect the aquatic macrophyte Lobelia dortmanna

et al. 2012

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The increase in alkalinity and SO 4 2-in softwater lakes can negatively affect pristine isoetid population because the increase in alkalinity and SO 4 2-can stimulate sediment mineralization and consequently cause anoxia. The consequences of increased sediment mineralization depend on the ability of isoetids such as Lobelia dortmanna to oxidize the rhizosphere via radial O 2 loss. To study how alkalinity and SO 4 2-affect the isoetid L. dortmanna, and if negative effects could be alleviated by neighboring plants, three densities of L. dortmanna (''Low'' = 64 plants m -2 , ''Medium'' = 256 plants m -2 and ''High'' = 1,024 plants m -2 ) were exposed to elevated alkalinity in the water column, or a combination of both elevated alkalinity and SO 4 2-, and compared to a control situation. The combination of SO 4 2-and alkalinity significantly increased mortality, lowered areal biomass and reduced actual photosynthetic efficiency. Plant density did not significantly alleviate the negative effects caused by SO 4 2-and alkalinity. However, actual photosynthetic efficiency was significantly positively correlated to redox potential in the sediment, indicating a positive relationship between plant performance and sediment oxidation. The negative effects on L. dortmanna were probably caused by long periods of tissue anoxia by itself or in combination with H 2 S intrusion. Therefore, increase in both SO 4 2-and alkalinity surface water can dramatically affect L. dortmanna populations, causing reduction or even disappearance of this icon species.

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Internal eutrophication: How it works and what to do about it—a review

Cited by 324 publications

References 92 publications

Groundwater-induced redox-gradients control soil properties and phosphorus availability across four headwater wetlands, New York, USA

Groundwater-induced redox-gradients control soil properties and phosphorus availability across four headwater wetlands, New York, USA

Combined effects of nitrogen enrichment, sulphur pollution and climate change on fen meadow vegetation N:P stoichiometry and biomass

Elevated alkalinity and sulfate adversely affect the aquatic macrophyte Lobelia dortmanna

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